The Use of Fact and Fiction in Der Baader-Meinhof Komplex
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The Use of Fact and Fiction in Der Baader-Meinhof Komplex
The present essay aims to discuss the way fact and fiction are intertwined in Der Baader-Meinhof Komplex (film) in order to portray the main characters of the story and the course of events that are the subject of the film. The film was directed by Uli Edel (released in September 2008) and based on the non-fiction book of the same title by Stefan Aust, first published in 1985. The film presents the story of the so-called first generation of the Red Army Faction (RAF, Rote Arme Fraktion) group (also known as the Baader-Meinhof group) and its main players as well as how they and their actions inspired others to join their cause and to become what would later be labelled as the second and third generation of RAF. The essay will predominantly concentrate on the way in which the filmmakers attempt the construction of the authenticity of the story as opposed to creating a completely fictional feature film. It is argued that the authenticity is achieved through the use of original footage, the presentation of characters and the representation of violence and the essay attempts to show how all this was used in order to demythologise the actions of RAF.
In order to understand the construction of the film and the way the characters in it are presented a short (description of the) history of the RAF movement is needed. The Red Army Faction was a far-left-wing militant group that was active from 1970 to 1998. Its history is divided into three generations. The founding members and major figures in the “first generation” were Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof (a respected journalist and campaigner), Gudrun Enslin (a student of German literature and philosophy) and Horst Mahler (an established lawyer). It is because of the surnames of two of its members that the first generation is referred to as The Baader-Meinhof Group. They were active from 1970 until their suicide in Stammheim prison in 1977. The second generation were active from the mid till late 1970s. The main players here were Susanne Albrecht, Christian Klar and Brigitte Mohnhaupt. It was this generation that killed Jürgen Ponto, abducted and killed Hans Martin Schleyer and organised the kidnapping of the Lufthansa Flight 181. These events of 1977 as well as others are known as the German Autumn. The “third generation” was active from around 1980 till the dissolution of the group in 1998. The main figure here was Wolfgang Grams (Preece 2010: 152).
The origins of the Red Army Faction lie in the social and political situation in West Germany in the 1960s as well as in the events that took place in other parts of the world at the time, in particular the Vietnam War, but also the student massacre that took place in Mexico in October 1968 just a few days before the beginning of the Olympics, the events in Bolivia including the execution of Che Guevara and the student movements in Europe and America. The 1960s were also the end of colonialism in the world thus marking the end of a certain era and the beginning of a new chapter in the social history of the world. However, more important was the socio-political situation in West Germany itself.
West Germany witnessed important changes in the 1960s both in politics and society. After the departure of Konrad Adenauer in 1962 and Ludwig Erhard (former Minister of Economics in Adenauers Government) becoming the Chancellor the following year and implementing the soziale Marktwirtschaft (social market economy), West Germany experienced a period of economic prosperity. At about the same time, however, the Große Koalition (the Grand Coalition) was formed between CDU / CSU and the SPD and Kurt Georg Kiesinger, who had been a member of NSDAP from 1933-1945, became the Chancellor. In addition, many of the civil servants, economists and politicians at the time were either former members of the NSDAP or had cooperated with the Nazi regime in the past. This led many to believe that the denazification process had not been successful and, as a result, caused a lot of dissatisfaction and mistrust in relation to those in power, in particular among a younger generation of post-war baby boomers who denounced the Nazi ideology and past of their parents. The student protests in Germany that took place in 1968 resulted from several factors such as “the emergency law imposed and enforced exclusively by the Great Coalition, the still unassimilated Nazi past, the abuses arising from life in a consumer society, the concentration of the press – “Expropriate Springer”, the West German press tycoon – the hierarchical-authoritarian structure of the universities and, last but not least, the American involvement in Vietnam and, as a result, the process of taboos and repression, which affected both the masses and the political elite” (Wasmund 1986: 194). Indeed, as Preece (2003: 364) writes, “they were rebelling against their elders, rather than against a dominant social class or economic group” . The far left-wing activists such as Rudi Dutschke and members of the Baader-Meinhof group themselves were also influenced by the writings of Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Marxist ideology and the contemporary philosophers expressing such views and the writings of Franz Fanon.
The Red Army Faction itself was founded in 1970. However, its members had belonged to other leftist groups and organizations before that. Ulrike Meinhof was a member of the German Communist Party, which at the time was banned. Jan Carl Raspe was a member of Kommune 2 in Berlin and Horst Mahler was involved in protests against Springer (Preece 2010: 152-153). Although they did not belong to any particular leftist organization at the time Andreas Baader, Gudrun Enslin and two other men set fire to two department stores in Frankfurt in April 1968 to show their protest against the war in Vietnam.
Over the years, the RAF attracted a lot of media attention and the group became somehow mythologized in the consciousness of the Germans. Many books have been published on the RAF, including memoirs, biographies and fictional reconstructions (Preece 2003: 363-364), and showed different perspectives and points of view on various aspects of the movement. The film the Baader-Meinhof Complex, however, is based on the book of the same title by Stefan Aust, which is an objective account on the RAF movement in the period from 1967-1977 based on a careful research into the topic. Preece (2003: 363) argues that “official commentators used to believe that biography was a more useful category for explaining what turned young West Germans to terrorism in the 1970s than, say, social class”. He adds that “fictional reconstructions () permit artists to project themselves into a narrator