Essay About Design Of An Fm Receiver And Basic Varactor Diode Circuit

Design of an Fm Receivers
Essay title: Design of an Fm Receivers
Abstract
This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical
backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the
necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will
enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM.
Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce
some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with.
Introduction
Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/
inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing
AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed later, in combination with relatively low
cost of implementation, resulted in its rapid growth. In the years following World War
Two, there were 600 licensed stations broadcasting in the U.S. By 1980, the number grew
to 4000. On another historical note, in 1961 stations began broadcasting in stereo.
The basic receiver design consists of the following components. An antenna is used to
convert electro-magnetic waves into electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used
throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio, baseband and intermediate
frequencies. The core of the FM receiver, the discriminator, comes in various circuit
forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically, its role is to extract the
intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component, essential in most
electronic circuits, is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally, a
transducer (speaker in the case of Radio) is needed to convert the message signal into its
final form (audio, mechanical, etcЎ­). Other components more specific to FM receivers
are mixers combined with local oscillators used for frequency manipulation, limiters to
control amplitude, de-emphasis and other filter circuits.
Mathematics of FM
Unlike amplitude modulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t),
is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the
name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an
FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property
of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1
¦µFM(t) = Acos(¦И(t)) = Acos(wct +¦Иc(t))
where ¦Иc(t)= kf ЎТm(¦У)d¦У
kf = deviation sensitivity
wc = carrier frequency
The instantaneous frequency is defined as:
wi(t)=d¦И(t)/dt
for FM
wi(t) = wc +kfm(t) equation(1.0)
This form of modulation can be performed indirectly using a basic varactor diode circuit.2
varactor diode modulator varactor diode model
1 Derivation/Definition from Signals & Systems 2nd Edition
2 Circuit Diagram from Analog Communications for technology
When the diode is placed in reverse bias, the depletion region of the pn junction
increases. Charge builds up on both sides of the junction implying a capacitance Cj. In a
varactor diode, Cj is a function of the reverse bias voltage. During this application, the
diode is biased such that this relationship is approximately