Trafficking in WomenTrafficking in WomenTrafficking in women is clearly a both a human rights and a development issue. Apart from the human, social and economic costs of the sex industry, the spread of venereal diseases and HIV/AIDS, prostitution deprives women of the opportunity to pursue education and to achieve their full potential. Therefore it deprives the nation of vital human resources for development. This should be a particular concern in a country such as Thailand, (with an adult population with comparatively low levels of education but a rapidly increasing demand for an educated and skilled labor force) but also plagues countries such as the United States.
Trafficking in women is a repulsive and increasingly worrying phenomenon. It is a true development issue, rather than of a sporadic nature affecting a few individuals, in that it has extensive implications on the social, economic and organizational fabric of our societies. The occurrence of trafficking is facilitated by globalization and by modern technologies and circumstances. Trafficking in women not only involves sexual exploitation, but also labor exploitation in conditions similar to slavery. The victims are subjected to violence, rape, battery and extreme cruelty as well as other types of pressure and coercion. Nations across the globe are much affected by these plagues to society.
Economically speaking, trafficking or prostitution has often been seen as a development problem from the supply side. That is, it is argued that young women and girls are forced (or pressured) into the sex industry by poverty and a lack of alternative employment and income-earning opportunities.
Common excuses include:“My child is ill and I had to earn money for medical surgery, my parents are retired and have no money to help us.”“Had no living space and had quarrels with relatives.”“Absence of financial means and bad relations with brothers (parents are deceased).”Increasingly, prostitution and trafficking are also being seen as a development issue from the demand side. The demand for the services of prostitutes and for women to be trafficked, both within areas such as Thailand and into developed countries, is clearly a function of development. Concentrations of single men, such as those in the military seeking out sexual contact, maintain the need for sex trade. It is a function of both the level of development, which creates both supply and demand (see Why Trafficking), and the nature of that development:
Development projects in comparatively undeveloped regions and countries often bring with them a rapid increase in the demand for commercial sex due to the sharp increase in the numbers of unaccompanied male workers in areas where there are few outlets for recreation and entertainment.
Patterns of development that depend heavily on temporary migrant workers, particularly male workers, are likely to be associated with a sharp increase in the demand for commercial sex.
Marked differences in income levels within the region contribute to a strong demand for women and children to be trafficked from low income countries to high income countries where the income to be gained from prostitution by the procurers are many times greater than in the country of origin.
The increasing ease and frequency of international travel, together with the growing phenomenon of temporary migration for work, has increased the opportunities for trafficking.
The growth of transnational crime involved in a variety of forms of trafficking, including of drugs, has led to the expansion of these networks into trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and other forms of exploitation.
See Appendix A for supplemental discussion on Development.Recent Trends in Trafficking in WomenThe traditional flow between certain developing countries (Northern and Central Africa, Latin America, Asia) and Western destination countries continues. However, the most striking factor, which gives rise to great concern, is the increase in the numbers of women and children trafficked into the European Union (EU) from Central and Eastern European countries. The worsening of the economic situation in these countries has had a direct effect on the flow of trafficking in women. Estimates of up to 120,000 women and children being trafficked into Western Europe each year have been made. The majority of these countries have according to their own law enforcement officials become, to various degrees, both countries of origin, transit as well as countries of destination. Many women originating from the Newly Independent States are being trafficked via the candidate countries before
Larger and more sophisticated organizations can now track the number of women and children trafficked from the countries which are being targeted for resettlement. These organizations can easily access detailed information, such as their name (such as country’s name for migrant children or country’s status/advisor) and the name of one to multiple countries where some of their children or parents have been trafficked to. More information about trafficking in migrants can be found on the Trafficking in Women website.
Larger and more sophisticated organizations, such as NGOs, international human rights and security organizations and private governments can then work to determine whether their work is doing a good or a bad thing. The first step in this process is the identification of what, where, which countries are going to be sending migrants to. In general, the international human rights and security organizations (IRSOs) will try to conduct their own research, as well as those of NGOs, human rights and security groups, on the subject of the current migrant crisis. The IRSOs will be involved in the analysis of what they are discovering about a particular country or region. These IRSOs will be working with the Governments of these countries to get the following information up with them, or to provide information pertaining to the need for UN recommendations regarding the treatment and prevention of rape and sexual violence and the prevention of minors as well as the trafficking of minors, such as rape, into countries such as Europe or Africa (including North Africa).
Larger bodies, such as the UN Women Programme, which are directly involved in these investigations and providing humanitarian assistance, will soon be aware of the extent of the risks involved in the efforts to track the problem of migration. The international human rights and security organizations are now developing a mechanism to monitor the potential for increased numbers and the lack of data on how large the threat to women and children is from both countries, and the ways around this risk, so that the risk of women and children being recruited to join these groups is reduced.
A Worldwide Approach
Since the start of the migrant crisis in 2004, the International Committee of the Red Cross has made several important efforts to monitor, reduce and resolve the problem.
1. UNHCR is the national coordinating body of the Red Cross who provides assistance to affected populations. 2. UNHCR works directly with government of the affected countries when they are in need of assistance and international aid. 3. UNHCR also monitors and provides direct information on current developments in the migrant crisis. 4. It operates NGOs in 24 countries such as UNHCR in the Caribbean, the United States, Germany, Canada, Turkey, Bangladesh, South Africa, the UN and Nepal. 5. WHO, the WHO-Coordination and Support Office for the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), is also one of the main NGOs involved of monitoring potential trafficking of children who are in desperate need of care and education at the local level in the affected countries. 6. The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is responsible for humanitarian support provided to the affected countries through the International Child Protection Programme of the National Organisation for Migration. 7. UNICEF’s work closely combines the expertise of experts in different fields such as legal issues, human rights and humanitarian assistance, and regional human rights. 8. The UN Children’s Fund’s mission is to provide children and youth with safe, safe, and nurturing environments based on the values of common sense. 9. The most important way which the Red Cross helps reduce the problem of migrant migration is by increasing the awareness and understanding of the problems that need to be addressed and by providing support and information to the families who have been displaced. That is the most important aspect in preventing and solving the problem.
There have been some successes in raising awareness and awareness of the refugee crisis, especially in Central and Eastern Europe (except in the U.S.), which have involved a significant number of humanitarian organizations. IHV/NGHCR is a special project of