Essay About Different Memory Systems Humans Use And Research Paper

The Different Memory Systems Humans Use – Research Paper – paulcud
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The Different Memory Systems Humans Use
IntroductionThis paper encloses two purposes; the first being to outline the different memory systems humans’ use and describe the memory systems in each. The subsequent purpose is to explain the formation of memories. This paper will touch on different cognitive theories regarding the concept of a multi-store memory system in human memory and will use neurological evidence to support each corresponding system. Though many psychologists have constructed models to express human memory, this paper acknowledges Atkinson and Shiffrin’s proposed view of the sensory stores, Baddeley and Hitch’s proposed concept of working memory which replaces short-term memory and Squire’s Taxonomy of memory that is used to describe the functional system in place in long-term memory (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). This paper will also explain how memories are formulated within three stages; encoding, storage and retrieval, in a systematic fashion (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). The Different Memory Systems Humans UseThe multi-store memory system suggests that humans possess at least three forms of memory; sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory (Martin, Carlson & Buskist, 2010). The modal model erected by Atkinson and Shiffrin subdivides sensory memory into each sense modality. This model incorporates the ideas of Baddeley’s working memory by subdividing it into three systems; the central executive and its two slave systems the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Working memory can also be explained in terms of capacity and duration (Radvansky, 2006). Squire’s memory taxonomy suggests that long-term memory is subdivided into declarative and non-declarative memory (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). Description of the Memory Systems Humans UseSensory MemorySensory memory consists of preserved information that has just been perceived, for example, a lasting copy of an image that was briefly seen or an echo of a sound that was momentarily heard. Though humans may have a sensory memory for each sense modality, researchers predominantly focus on three forms: the iconic, echoic and haptic memory (Radvansky, 2006). Working MemoryBaddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a model to explain the transmission of information from sensory to long-term which is known as working memory. Working memory is a holding store used for cognitive work such as reasoning and problem solving but is limited in both capacity and duration (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). This model contains three components; the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive.

The phonological loop is composed of a store for verbal material and a sub-vocal rehearsal component called the articulatory loop. Neuroimaging studies on brain-damaged patients JB and TO show these components to be in separate regions of the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). The phonological loop is supported by the phonological similarity effect which found serial recall to be 25% worse with a phonologically similar word list. The causation is related to the challenge in remembering which words have been rehearsed and which still need to be rehearsed by the articulatory loop in order for accurate recall (Larsen et al., 2000). Word length effect is also related to the phonological loop with memory span being governed by the rate of rehearsal. Though individuals with an impaired phonological loop tend to cope well, it is suggested that its function is to learn new words rather than to remember familiar words (Eysenck & Keane, 2005).        The visuo-spatial sketchpad is concerned with both visual and spatial information. Its functions include the construction, maintenance and manipulation of mental images. Visual scanning, mental rotation and boundary extension are some phenomena of the visuo-spatial sketchpad (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). Similar to the word length effect, people find it more challenging to maintain complex images than simple images (Kosslyn, 1975).         The central executive is the controlling mechanism for the slave systems. It performs operations required by the active task as well as allocating capacity in the working memory systems. It is considered to be the most significant and versatile component of the model, yet the least studied (Andrés et al., 2008). Dual-task performances, random generation and selective attention operations are used to help understand the functional role of the central executive (Baddeley, 1996).Long-Term MemorySquire (1991) provides a theory for the classification of long-term memory. Squire’s taxonomy is composed of declarative and non-declarative memory. In declarative memory such as semantic and episodic, retention occurs by consciously experiencing an event. Non-declarative memory on the other hand is retained through performance rather than conscious awareness (Rovee-Collier, Hayne, & Colombo, 2001).  Access to declarative memories tends to be intentional, effortful and occasionally impaired compared to that of non-declarative memories. Being able to retrieve some but not all aspects of a declarative memory is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (Burke et al., 1991). Fragmented picture identification, word stem completion, priming and classical conditioning are some tasks conducted to classify non-declarative memory. More common tasks such as word recall and paired associate learning classify declarative memory.

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“The Different Memory Systems Humans Use” EssaysForStudent.com. 10 2018. 2018. 10 2018 < "The Different Memory Systems Humans Use." EssaysForStudent.com. EssaysForStudent.com, 10 2018. Web. 10 2018. < "The Different Memory Systems Humans Use." EssaysForStudent.com. 10, 2018. Accessed 10, 2018. Essay Preview By: paulcud Submitted: October 27, 2018 Essay Length: 2,028 Words / 9 Pages Paper type: Research Paper Views: 527 Report this essay Tweet Related Essays Human Body System Interaction Human Body System Interaction . All the systems in the human body are vital to our survival and well-being. If you take away the functions 1,074 Words  |  5 Pages Ectasy Damages the Brain and Impairs Memory in Humans “Ecstasy” Damages the Brain and Impairs Memory in Humans In an article that was found at NIDA NOTES on the Internet, titled “Ecstasy “ 383 Words  |  2 Pages Human Resources: Time Tracking System Human Resources: Time Tracking System Based on evaluation of your human resources department, it has been concluded that your company tracks employee time through the 521 Words  |  3 Pages Memory and Imagination Within Human Experience Memory and Imagination within Human Experience Tony Earley delves into his own memories in his book, Somehow Form a Family. In the introduction, he instructs 1,150 Words  |  5 Pages Similar Topics Be Human Bead Bar Systems Development Project Get Access to 89,000+ Essays and Term Papers Join 209,000+ Other Students High Quality Essays and Documents Sign up © 2008–2020 EssaysForStudent.comFree Essays, Book Reports, Term Papers and Research Papers Essays Sign up Sign in Contact us Site Map Privacy Policy Terms of Service Facebook Twitter