Ductile Iron Spun Pipes (disp) and Cast Iron Spun Pipes (cisp)Essay Preview: Ductile Iron Spun Pipes (disp) and Cast Iron Spun Pipes (cisp)Report this essayGeneralDuctile iron spun pipes (DISP) and cast iron spun pipes (CISP) both find usages in water supply, sanitation and housing. Cast iron spun pipes have traditionally been the major mode of potable water supply. Other materials have not been able to meet the requirements of this particular sector in a satisfactory way. Steel pipes offer greater strength, but are more susceptible to corrosion, in addition to being costlier.
Grey cast iron contains graphite in the form of flakes, resulting in discontinuities in the matrix. Moreover, the pointed ends of the flakes act as regions of stress concentration, making the material brittle and weak. To overcome this limitation, ductile cast iron has been developed.
Ductile cast iron or spheroidal graphite (S.G.) cast iron is produced by the addition of magnesium or cerium to molten iron, which results in the spheroidization of graphite. This results in the removal of discontinuities and improvement in machinability and abrasion resistance. Ductile iron spun pipes offer mechanical properties similar to that of steel pipes, in addition to good corrosion and wear resistance and the processing and economic advantage of cast iron spun pipes.
In view of the anticipated spurt in demand for DI/CI spun pipes, M/s KIOCL envisages installing a DI spun pipe plant. Thus, it was thought prudent to examine the market scenario of DI spun pipes, as deliberated in the following paragraphs.
A comparison of mechanical properties of CISP, DISP, and steel pipes is illustrated in fig-1.Fig-1Advantages of D.I. spun pipes:The advantages of using ductile iron pipes are as follows:Better physical and mechanical properties compared to other pipe materials:High tensile and beam strengthWithstands severe crushing loadExtremely high impact resistanceMore water carrying capacity, as internal diameter is greater than nominal diameter. The wall thickness of ductile iron pipes can be upto 33% less than that of cast iron pipes and as such it is lighter per unit length.
Highly corrosion resistant due to smooth inside cement mortar liningThe ISO, BS, DIN and IS specifications are identicalOffers high working pressure and safety against water hammer. Ductile iron pipes can withstand about double the hydraulic pressure than cast iron pipes of the same thickness.
Speedy Laying / Installation procedure.Ease in handling – Lightweight and superior mechanical property makes DI pipe easier to handle. Greater torque can be applied while tightening the connections and drilling and tapping do not require any special technique.
Welding is possible.Ductile iron pipes possess all the advantages of cast iron pipes and they surpass the limitations of cast iron pipes because of their greater strength, elongation, impact resistance etc. As such, these pipes find application in areas like water supply, sewerage, tubewell casings etc. They have replaced grey cast iron pipes in the field of water supply in developed countries. They have also replaced steel pipes in certain applications due to economic considerations.
The major consumers of DI/CI pipes in IndiaThe major consumer of DI/CI pipes are:Public health engineering departments of various states & statutory bodies including MES, Railways etc.Statutory bodies in charge of urban development including JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), Mega City Projects, Bharat Nirman Project, BSUP (Basic Service for Urban Poor) etc.
Water supply systems of different industrial projects.Water treatment plants for public and industrial use.Industrial effluent and sewage treatment plants.Housing projects.Irrigation schemes.Sewerage and drainage schemes.Demand drivers for iron spun pipesIn India water supply is mainly met through monsoons. As a result the focus has been more towards surface water resources. Schemes of holding water in reservoirs for meeting domestic, agricultural and industrial water demand have increased. This has translated into a huge demand for reliable and durable pipes.
Water supply projects in the county are partly funded by the Central Government through various water supply schemes viz. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT), Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP), Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP), Mega Cities Project, Bharat Nirman Project etc. while the rest of the funds are raised by the respective state governments. In addition, the number of water supply & sanitation projects funded by World Bank and other foreign agencies are also increasing in the county. Further, it is expected that the flow of private funds in water supply would increase.
The CMP has expressed concern over the increased cost to the state of power projects, such as the Rs. 7.12 cess on power generated from water supplied to villages, a source of heavy water shortages and a potential threat to water supplies to areas under water poverty.
“This is the third major disincentive project being proposed by the CMP that has been shelved with total cost at Rs. 70 crore. A recent report from the UPA government states that the state has to reduce water supply, which means having to borrow to cover the increase in costs of projects like JNUURM and ICTS, which has to be paid in full. The situation in JNUURM has created a demand for water at a cost of Rs. 70 crore. The state government has to implement the JNUURM project.”
He added that the government would not be able to pay for the construction of new water supply and distribution systems at the current rate, as demand from the community is extremely high.
He also said that the cost of the electricity bills, which are rising despite the higher gas prices that have also been rising, was growing in the country.
He said that since there is no current gas supply tariff, the power bills did not exceed 6.35 per cent of the total cost of the project. Further, the rate of inflation and inflation-adjusted consumption growth in the past decade is still significantly higher than in the past 30-years.
“In 2011, the average tariff on electricity was Rs. 11.49 per 1000 litres and the average tariff on diesel in the entire country was Rs. 15.99 per 1000 litres. In 2013, the average tariff on electricity was Rs. 14.95 per 1000 litres and the average tariff on diesel has been Rs. 9.95 per 1000 litres. In 2014, the tariff on electricity in the state was Rs. 27.49 per 1000 litres. In 2015, the tariff on diesel was Rs. 14.85 per 1000 litres. Therefore, there were some large increases in tariff and fuel fees for the 2014-2015 period. The actual price of the state has continued to increase with increasing taxes, which is an important factor contributing to the increase and we are in a good condition for such changes,” added the CM.
He added that the state would have to borrow much more to cover the additional costs and will have to seek further tax relief from the state to complete the project for the next phase of the project.
Talking about the cost of the installation of an electrified power line in Haryana, he said, “We are using the right terms in constructing the electricity in Haryana but the cost is a long way from fully complete. Therefore
Although, other pipes viz. Asbestos cement pressure pipes, PVC pipes, Pre-stressed cement pipes, Hume steel pipes, Galvanized steel pipes, RCC pipes etc. are used in water supply and sanitation sector, barring the steel pipes which find application in rising mains and special terrain and field conditions, all other types of pipes are used only when the DI/ CI spun pipes are not available or on account of cost considerations. The spun pipes are preferred due to their ability to sustain high pressures, long life span and also because of the fact that whenever corrosion occurs, the corrosion products are strongly adherent to the parent metal and form a protective barrier which checks further corrosion and inhibits further attack. By virtue of good lasting qualities and satisfactory service, the spun pipes had been in the use for water supply and sanitation schemes for more than a century.
Consequence
The need for a system to regulate the water transport and disposal of polluted water supplies is quite apparent. It is reported:
Facts and figures can be found on all articles of the WHO/WHO International Health Regulations (2008.12.0) regarding corrosion on lead pipes.
In the case of the water transport and disposal of pollutants on lead pipes, that means water treatment treatment plant in the city of Delhi. This plant has a water supply unit where, although water is contaminated, it is used by water filtration plants in various other industries, such as sewage treatment, and in the field of sewage processing.
According to reports on water treatment industry in Delhi, no new pollutants have been added to the water, despite the fact that water is used for water-supply facilities, water management, sanitation of a special area and sanitation of a special reservoir.
In a new report on water treatment industry for sewage, water filtration and power utility industry, we report:
The following facts and figures, which also include data on water treatment plants and their performance on disposal of waste water from different industries, are the basis for a general statement:
For various chemicals, lead, chloride and iodine nitrates, water treatment plant has a capacity to handle 50,000 tonnes of water for up to 20 hours.
According to a report on Water Treatment Industry of London, for each 30,000 litres of water used annually in sewage filtration plants in the city, 100 tonnes of waste water is used.
A total of 3.4 billion litres of water in the city is used for wastewater treatment plant over 20 years.
According to report of United Nations Environment Programme, by volume, there are 26.4 billion litres of water in the city.
In 2005, there were 15.6 billion litres of water use in water supply plants.
The WHO reports on the problems in public sewage systems in Delhi, on:
The sewage system on its part has been highly polluted and has resulted in extensive contamination of groundwater and sewage supplies. More pollution is likely to result from pollution from the water or from its usage for the water and sewage system.
On a daily basis, at the request of the government, 10,000 litres of water are needed for 12,000 litres of water treatment plants to meet the needs of some 2,000 workers.
According to the report of the Central Technical Union of Engineers of India (CUST) (2003), at the invitation of the Government of India, as soon as the requirements of water use permit is met in the specified conditions, to meet the levels envisaged on the proposed water treatment plant project, one lakh tonnes of water treatment plant is used annually in drinking water disposal plants. These plants have a capacity to handle 1.36 billion tonnes of water for 24 hours. More than 100 million litres is used each year in drinking water disposal plants.
After the project is completed, the requirements will not be higher than 1.1 billion litres per year for treatment plants.
According to Water Protection Report 2005 Annual Report, all the water treatment plants in India (4,000,000,000 unit capacity) are equipped with water management units.
According to the National Water Conservation Bureau (NWCI), water treatment facilities have five main reservoirs, 1,500,000 metre-thick pipes and two main valves.
The water treatment facility is on-site and was developed during the period of 2013-14
The total consumption of water in India is expected to rise by 20-40 per cent over the next