Censorship And Today
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Censorship and Today
Since early television, there have been coalitions and public policy groups fighting for the “good” of television airwaves. Now in the 21st century there is no excuse for anyone to glance away from their newspaper briefly only to see their children watching an obscene or violent program. With all our technological advancements, we now have the ability to keep uninvited television out of our homes.
Broadcasters have been mostly self-regulated since the beginning. Early on, however, there was a necessity to incorporate a standard of decency for the public airwaves. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) had one of the first attempts at a solution. Originally, the NAB was created for radio; however, in 1951 the NAB created a citizens advisory board to help found a code of conduct for television broadcasts. Television broadcasters to this day pay annual dues to belong to the association, and agree to comply with the rules and regulations of the organization in order to qualify for membership. In turn, the NAB assures the public that they will receive quality programming with everyones best interests in mind; all the while giving their members a voice on Capitol Hill (Campbell, 1999).
The original creation of the NAB code had good intentions for broadcasters and their public alike. Unfortunately, the code still had its flaws. One of the first issues to arise was the lack of membership. In order for the NABs code to be effective, all television stations needed to subscribe and follow the guidelines. The NAB had restrictions upon certain areas of advertising which destroyed profits not all broadcasters were willing to compromise. In 1967 only 63 percent of television broadcasters belonged to the NAB (Campbell, 1999). This effectively hindered the functionality of the code.
As time progressed, another flaw surfaced with the NABs plan. Enforcement of the regulations among its members became redundant. As the rules were eventually broken, the NAB hesitated to suspend or expel its members for the fear of losing the annual capital each membership provided. Furthermore, a television stations expulsion failed to show much consequence. A historian of broadcasting, Erik Barnouw refers to the enforcement of the NAB code as machinery:
If a subscribing station was charged with violating the code and found guilty by an NAB review board, the station (according to the rules) would lose the right to display on the screen the NAB “seal of good practice.” Since the seal meant nothing to viewers and its absence would be virtually impossible to notice, the machinery meant nothing. (Barnouw, 1970, p. 251)
Looking at society today many people should feel liberated having the cultural diversity and freedom that todays broadcasting companies provide us. Back in the 50s and 60s when television was just starting to go mainstream, the major broadcasting companies were encouraged by the NAB to lump us Americans into one category. This particular category was the only market they based their broadcasted content on. In this period, a broadcasting with the inclusion of minorities called for much controversy; and sexual relations were unheard of, even among marriage (Worringham, Buxton, 2006). If this kind of censorship took place in todays electronic society, mounted heads on poles would strew the White House lawn.
Throughout the 70s and 80s TV took a new turn in which broadcasters catered to more audiences. The old ideals of TV programming were being stretched and reformed to appeal to a new generation. At this point though, not all of the changes were necessarily welcomed. Various social groups rallied more and more for the government to incorporate additional limits on how far the networks could go (Worringham, et al., 2006). This indeed may have seemed necessary at the time, mainly because of parents inability to stop what was making it into their living rooms with considered impressionable children viewing. The only thing a parent could do is watch over the TV constantly to see what their kids might be seeing. The Federal Communications Commission or FCC, decided to pressure broadcasters into only showing objectionable programs later at night when a nuclear family presumably has their children in bed. Though broadcasters willingly went along with the idea, a later argument proved that the whole idea was infringing the first amendment.
Finally, after years of bickering and rule riddled jargon, the FCC started divulging the need for a different kind of censorship. In 1996, congress asked that broadcasters start to develop a common rating system (FCC, 2006). The system decided upon, basically, is tiered to age appropriate levels ranging from the youngest audiences, TV-Y, up to TV-MA, which is appropriate for adults only. As a secondary measure, there is a brief description of why the program rating applies, such as violence or sexual content. Much time was taken in creating this new rating system, or TV Parental Guidelines as named, and since its introduction there have only been minor revisions made to the system. Furthermore, there was extensive collaboration between the United States and Canada within its development to help ensure of the systems effectiveness (Mcdowell, Maitland, 1998).
The establishment of a common rating system finally allowed for the conclusion of all past dilemmas, the production and implementation of the V-Chip. The V-Chip, or Violence Chip, is a device that filters unwanted programming from each television on an individual basis. Though the technology was actually available before 1996, it was impossible to execute until a working common rating system was in place.
How the V-Chip functions is easy. After rating a program and readying it for airplay, the rating is embedded in a data signal that all televisions built after the year 2000 recognize. This is the same data signal that relays the closed captioning along with other information. The installed V-Chip notices the embedded rating signal and checks the permissions the user has set for it. If the user wishes not to view violent material, the V-Chip will block any signals pertaining to code TV-PG and up. Since all broadcasters are mandated to rate the programs they air, in no way should it be possible for a child to see anything his or her parents wish them not to see.
This new technology, having been forced on the broadcasting industry, was interpreted as just additional censorship at first. However in fact, as many are starting to realize, it is the first step to more freedom (Broadcasting & Cable, 2005). There is no need now for agencies to put tight restrictions