Romania – Ecotourism In Romania
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Fascinating Romania
At the eastern edge of Europe, Romania is perhaps best known for its Black Sea resorts, such as Mamaia and the Greco-Byzantine port of Constanta, and the Danube delta, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for its rich wetlands and abundant bird-life. The Transylvanian Alps occupy much of the northern half of the country, the waters of their many spa resorts having been appreciated for their healing properties since Roman times.
Romania offers a rich tapestry tourist attractions and vacation experiences unique in Central-Eastern Europe: medieval towns in Transylvania, the world-famous Painted Monasteries in Bucovina, traditional villages in Maramures, the magnificent architecture of Bucharest, the romantic Danube Delta, fairy-tale castles, the Black Sea resorts, the majestic Carpathian Mountains, spas and much more.
Transylvania is also the legendary home of Bram Stokers Dracula, based on an infamous medieval king Vlad the Impaler whose spooky abode at Bran Castle may be visited. The northern half of the country is bisected by the great Carpathian Mountains, most of which are covered by pristine mountain forests which shelter one of Europes last strongholds for large carnivore populations.
Romania is a country with rich biodiversity (ecosystems, species and genetic diversity) and a high percentage of natural ecosystems 47% of the land area of the country is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The natural integrity of forest ecosystems is indicated by the presence of the full range of European forest fauna, including 60% and 40% of all European brown bears and wolves, respectively. Europes largest wetland, the Danube Delta, also lies predominantly in Romania. Major grasslands, caves, and an extensive network of rivers, add to the ecosystem richness. Important for Romania as well as for all Europe, is that the territory of Romania is a confluence point between biogeographic regions between arctic, alpine, west and central European, pannonic, balkanic, sub Mediterranean and even eastern colchic. The high level of geographic diversity in Romania and the consequence of its location as a biological confluence place have produced a floral diversity that includes over 3,700 species and fauna diversity estimated to be more than 33,800 species. Many of the wild plant and animal species from the countrys territory are endemic or relict with evolution significance and other species like the brown bear, the lynx or the wolf which have disappeared or are hardly surviving in other European countries, in Romania they are in a very good state of conservation.
The Carpathian Mountains are amongst the most pristine ecosystems left in Europe. Here, about 80% are covered with unspoiled mountain forests, which represent the largest contiguous forest ecosystem in Central and Eastern Europe.
Economic Effects of Travel and Tourism
Most of Romanias tourism facilities are run down and operated by incompetent management. In the 1960s, Romania invested heavily in its tourism facilities, especially at the Black Sea, and was at that time successful in attracting international tourists mostly from Germany, Great Britain, Scandinavia, France, Italy, Austria and Belgium. During the eighties, quality of tourist accommodation was not maintained, with a resultant decline in the number of foreign tourists.
During the past ten years, Romania has experienced:
A 20% decline in the number of foreign tourists arriving, from 6.5 million to 5.2 million since 1990;
A 14% drop in total number of beds in hotels and accommodation facilities, from 328,000 in 1990 to 283,000 in 1999;
A drop in the accommodation occupancy rate from 57.8% to 34.5%;
A reduction in the length of stays in accommodation by 61% for Romanian tourists and 53% for foreign tourists.
The national and regional transportation infrastructure is inadequate and represents the main obstacle to the development of the tourism sector. Marketing needs to be upgraded, especially with American and European tour operators, and overall service quality needs to be competitive with other European resorts.
Romanias receipts from international tourism estimated at $490 million. The foreign exchange receipts of Romania from international tourism rose to $490 million in 2001. This is $71 million over the receipts of the previous year, according to the estimates made by the National Institute of Research – Development in Tourism (INCDT), based on the performances of the first 10 months of the year. The number of people who visited Romania last year for exclusively tourism purposes was anticipated at 970,000. The direct receipts registered by hotels amounted to $325 million in 2001, compared with $271.3 million in the previous year. The commission related to contract – based tourism (through tourism agencies) was estimated at $20 million, against $17.4 million in 2000. The foreign currency exchange related to international tourism amounts, according to the same estimates, to around $145 million, compared to $130 million in 2000. In 2000, the average amount cashed per tourist in the accommodation entities (commission included) was $333, while the average receipt/day/tourist was $196.
Cultural Conflicts
Conflicts exist at all levels, within and between individuals, communities, countries and cultures. Conflicts are natural. They are experienced by people of every background, culture, class, nationality, age, and gender every single day. What is important is not whether conflicts themselves are good or bad, but how we wish to deal with them.
National and ethnic tolerance is an aspiration of many Balkan nations. Historically, the region has been subject to intensely felt national and ethnic pride emanating from the numerous ethnic groups living in close proximity to each other, exaggerating their differences and claiming indigenous rights to the same areas of land. Romania has not escaped these tensions.
With large Hungarian, German and Gypsy minorities, Romania has faced her own ethnic problems. In Transylvania live about 1.6 million Hungarians, making up 8% of Romanias population. However, since the onset of the Kosovo conflict, Romania has frequently been referred to as a country that knows how to treat her ethnic minorities: a prime example for her Serb neighbors to follow.
On a political and economic level Romania is attempting to alleviate ethnic rivalries. However, socially, ethnicity is becoming less important