The Effects of the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act Title Ix
Essay Preview: The Effects of the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act Title Ix
Report this essay
The Effects of the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act Title IX
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act was formerly known as
the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act. President George W. Bush
renamed this law on October 29, 2002 upon the death of the laws author, Patsy T. Mink.
It was instituted in 1972 and eventually expanded to prohibit gender discrimination in
any United States educational institution. Originally, it focused on equality in sports
opportunities and called for the increase of college scholarships of women to ensure
equality with male athletes.
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act has effected the world in many aspects. It has opened up many doors that had previously been bolted shut. In 1972, Congress passed the Educational Amendments. One section of this law, The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act, prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally- funded education, including in athletics programs. (Nelson Burton, 1-5). This amendment was modeled on Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination against race, color, and national- origin discrimination.
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act states: NO person in the United States of America shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal Financial assistance. (Fulks, 14-16).
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act has played a part in lowering the dropout rate among high school females. It has also helped reduce the number of female whom become pregnant. (Acosta, 95-96).
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act has helped increase the completion of post secondary, graduate and professional degrees. Women are now graduating from college in record numbers. For the first time in Americas history, womens numbers are proportionate to those of men. By 1994, women were earning bachelors degrees at the same rate as men, with both at twenty-seven percent.
In 1971, prior to the change, only eighteen percent of women had completed four or more years of college compared to twenty-six percent of young men. In 2006, women are projected to earn fifty-five percent of all bachelors degrees. (The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act Manual).
Before the passage of The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act, athletic scholarships for college women were rare, no matter how great their talent. After wining two gold medals in the 1964 Olympics, swimmer Donna de Varona could not obtain a college swimming scholarship. Two years after The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act was voted into law, an estimated 50,000 men were attending United States colleges and universities on athletic scholarships. Fewer than fifty women were on athletic scholarships.
In 1973, the University of Miami Florida awarded the first athletic scholarships to women. This university awarded a total of fifteen scholarships in golf, swimming, diving and tennis. Today, college women receive about one -third of all athletic scholarship dollars (Fulks, 37-40).
Achieving equal opportunity for women in intercollegiate sports has not been an easy task. Some colleges have faced budgetary restraints and others have simply been reluctant to change the status quo. No Federal Courts of Appeals have ruled against The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Acts athletic provisions. The immediate challenge for our nations higher education community is to find positive ways to comply with the law (Nelson Burton, 110).
The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act has helped girls and women participate in interscholastic and intercollegiate athletics in far greater numbers than they had in the past. When The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act became law, dramatic change was needed to level the playing fields in this nations schools. The perception of the place of girls and women in sports had to change. In 1971, one year before The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act, became law, a Connecticut judge was allowed by law to disallow girls from competing on the boys high school cross country team, even though there was no girls team at the school. In 1971 less than 300,000 high school girls played interscholastic sports. Today, that number is over 2.4 million.
The rise of womens basketball is an example of the dramatic changes that have taken place since the enactment of The Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act. In 1972, 132,229 young girls played high school basketball. In 1994-1995 the number had increased to 412,576, an increase of over three- hundred percent. Womens basketball has come of age with the gold medal victory of the Americans