Define Historical Thinking Skills. Which Other Disciplines Do Historians Use?
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Whap Semester Exam Review
Define historical thinking skills. Which other disciplines do historians use?
Historical context
Intended Audience
Purpose
Perspective
Other related pieces of information/ outside information
Type of Source
Missing/unacknowledged aspect
anthropology, archaeology
primary sources, secondary sources
Know tenets, founders, origin, practices, and symbols of these belief systems
Hinduism
Polytheistic religion with no known founder
Karma- Doing caste duties (personal dharma- moral law combined with spiritual discipline that guides one life) means you are reincarnated (born into a being in your next life) higher caste (jati)
Original concepts brought over by Aryans from Indo European plain
Vedas – hindu scripture, written in early Sanskrit
Hindu mystics (gurus, brahmans) who were the teachers of the imperial court of the Guptas.
Brahma is the basic holy essence. Every living creature is a part of it. The divine aspects of it are manifested in the forms of gods.
Caste system led to unhappiness among the lower castes due to the fact that they were unable to change their status in a lifetime. Dislike of caste system enabled Buddhism to gain a foothold in society.
Confucianism
Philosophy created by Kong Fuzi (Confucius) around Era of Warring States (402-201 BCE) in Zhou China
Filial Piety- respect your elders
5 Relationships: Friends, Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Ruler-Subject, Brothers
Subject’s behaviour modeled leader’s decisions
Confucianism is a system of ethics – “do unto others as your status and theirs dictate”
Confucian doctrine was preserved in the Analects
It emphasized the importance of the gentlemen (shi class)
Goodness of human nature
Daoism
Founded by Lao Zi, Arose around the same time and place as Confucianism, a more religious philosophy
Embraces traditional Chinese beliefs with nature’s mysterious harmony
“Dao” means the way of nature
Principle of Yin Yang states that opposites fit together and depend on each other for harmony (i.e., darkness and light, life and death)
Legalism (btw this wasn’t on the review, but if u want go for it)
Adopted by Qin empire
Everyone is naturally evil – due to the required discipline
Formed around Confucianism and Daoism in China
Their leaders had pride in their pragmatism (the assessment of beliefs due to their practicality)
Believed that the army should control and the people did the labor
Buddhism
Founded in India by prince Siddhartha Gautama, in 560 b.c.e, he was later called buddha or “enlightened one”
Alternative to Hinduism and the Caste system, appealed to low castes
Still believes in reincarnation but there was the possibility of spiritual rewards after life
Buddhists denied the authority of the Hindu priests because they didn’t believe in the caste system
Emphasized equality (egalitarian)
Nirvana – Escaping reincarnation cycle by following the eightfold path and enlightenment, state of tranquility
Eight Fold Path-the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
Life is full of suffering
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion
Zoroaster revised the polytheistic ways of the Sumerians with monotheism
Animistic religion that saw material existence as a battle between good and evil
Moral choice was very important (ex you have the free choice of God rather than a spirit of evil)
Morally righteous lived on in the “House of Song” (similar to a heaven concept), evil were condemned to eternal pain
Banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants
Faded away due to the popular Islamic belief
Christianity (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)
Jesus of Nazareth – prophet and teacher among the Jews, believed to be the Messiah
Monotheistic- all powerful God with heaven and hell
Worship god and fellowship with believers
Spiritual equality, appeal to poor
Paul of Tarsus was one of the first Christian missionaries
Benedict of Nursia – founder of monasticism in the western half of the Roman empire
Council of Nicaea determined the orthodoxy with respect to the Trinity
Pope v. Patriarch- Roman and Eastern churches split in 1054 (THE GREAT SCHISM), Crusades 1095
Pope was the bishop of Rome and head of the Christian Church in Western Europe
Islam (Sunni/Shi’a Split)
Founded by Prophet Muhammad (570-632), revelations in Mecca 610 via angel Gabriel
Quran/Koran is the holy book, written in Arabic, language that