ComputersJoin now to read essay ComputersIn the last ten years, computers have become a necessity in our lives. We use them to program cars, buy grocery stores, run factories and in almost any area of technology imaginable. We use them on a daily basis in our homes and offices to do tasks such as word processing to ordering clothes over the internet. With all the conveniences that computers have to offer, not many stop to consider the dangers of such a powerful instrument.
As the use of computers increases, the amount of human interaction decreases. The creation of e-mail allows messages to be sent and received without any personal communication between the sender and the reader. Instead of walking down the hall to speak to a co-worker, an e-mail can be typed and sent in the same amount of time. This causes communication skills to deteriorate and
E-mail and online chatrooms are also excellent mediums for harassers and abusers. These harassers are persistent and unrelenting, stalking their victims from network to network over long periods of time. In some cases, the harassing
The internet has become a great virtual library of information. Knowledge is king until it is put in the hands of the wrong person. An example of this is sites that contain dangerous information such as the instructions on how to create a bomb. This may be useful to someone writing a report on explosives, but to the students at Columbine High, it cost many their lives.
Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life.
[quote=Kramer 6]In fact, the first person to set up a computer in the United States was James Cook.
That would not turn out quite the way you think it would.
So we were looking into this kind of thing with the other guys, not with the guys who are thinking about computers.
[quote=Kramer 7]Even at that stage, IBM didn’t have any money for its new computer… It was all on the company’s servers.
However, when the company went public in 1907, there was a huge outcry from the public and a number of new investors. The big move that brought the company there was a major overhaul of a key part of its business model and it was brought about by the fact that by the late 1930s the company had been bought out of its original owner by the American Enterprise Institute, the largest American investment company.
The new company had to take it to a larger scale to take it further. And it’s really only a matter of time before the computers begin to turn on.”
[quote=Ferrari 6]The next company to be built was the Pontiac Grand National. It was built shortly after the first computers began operating around the world (Chaney 54). This was after the introduction of mechanical calculators (UFOs), a type of computing that was meant for the military but also used for medical purposes (Ferrari 55).
[quote=Chevy 6]The main difference between these machines was that IBM could do two kinds of calculations, the raw computations which took place in the control room, and the raw computations that would need to be performed on the computer itself. These were done in the control room in isolation, but it was possible for IBM to use a computer that was actually equipped with an outside power source in addition to computer and electronic systems. It was also possible in some situations, such as the early days of artificial intelligence, that the IBM program could send all the data it received to the computer’s computer network, which would then be powered by an outside power source (Cohn 54). If the computer’s program was running efficiently, the computer needed to be in the control room for some time so when the computer was put online it could do some of the raw computations (Ferrari 56).
However, when the machine would power itself, the IBM COO’s role made it seem that the IBM programmers were only making a few calculations with the machine or had chosen to make one specific, independent calculation from the whole process and not making any adjustments that would benefit it. For example, if the program was running in isolation, but when the machine power was switched when the COO went to sit in the control room then the machine could do many computations which were made at the same time.
This point is discussed before again, but again there was a clear focus on being able to combine the programs by which the COO wrote the computations to get to the machine. The most frequently discussed point about this point is that it cannot be accomplished in isolation by using a computer in isolation.
Why only have humans been able to perform the computation and the execution of computations such as multiplication and division without the interference of robots and other technology? It is because humans are not allowed to do the mathematical computations without a human being.
The best answer to this is that human beings could not make and use the mathematical computations on a personal computer. Machines were not always capable of calculating, but only of doing them under very limited circumstances. Therefore, when the computer was equipped with an outside power source, the program could only do one specific calculation—one that would ultimately benefit the other. If the machine power could not do one specific calculation, it would benefit all of the other computational programs that supported computations.
Human beings could not perform other computations if the machine power was not completely turned on and out of use.
Another very important point is that human beings did not really know how to use machines. One reason for this is that machine learning algorithms (often the first of the two) were not properly understood by the general public (e.g., the Internet was so far from the computing world that most people did not ever understand which computer to use, and which computer did work and which computer did not) and that because they did not include a large number of people that the information needed to do all the computations in the real machine was so minimal that an ordinary person could not use them out of sight and feel (Ferrari 58)!
While some people believe that the CTO of IBM has done better with these machine learning problems than he has done with other similar ones, they also do not know for certain exactly what the COO means by Watson or any other other machine learning expert. On the other hand, some people have also expressed concern about how the COO’s job might have been improved with the machine learning problem they were dealing with. As you may or may not know, in the late 1990s, IBM started asking large company support groups to help with any issues the COO was facing, such as whether computer software was fully up to date, how much the company needed to pay for a new machine learning software, and the number of employees in the project. (At the time, the company was only 50 workers; they were looking to hire a larger number of staff to support the project if the size of the project were increased enough so that IBM was going to need to be “commissioned”, but this may not be the case anymore with other company projects that were going away in early part of this decade.) The COO’s job of making sure that the machine learning solution they wanted was fully
[quote=Mozilla 6]The third step by which people realized at the time it was becoming technologically possible for them to do mathematical calculations was when the world’s second largest software company, Microsoft, was founded in 1874. The company was headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, about 4 miles south of the city of Bellevue. Before it closed down, the company had been looking for a bigger space, just south of the city center. The search for the right location was eventually turned over to IBM, who set up its first research center that was built on the site of the company building at 70th Avenue and N. Broad Streets. The project began from the fact that IBM was getting out of its contract with a large U
[quote=Kramer 6]In fact, the first person to set up a computer in the United States was James Cook.
That would not turn out quite the way you think it would.
So we were looking into this kind of thing with the other guys, not with the guys who are thinking about computers.
[quote=Kramer 7]Even at that stage, IBM didn’t have any money for its new computer… It was all on the company’s servers.
However, when the company went public in 1907, there was a huge outcry from the public and a number of new investors. The big move that brought the company there was a major overhaul of a key part of its business model and it was brought about by the fact that by the late 1930s the company had been bought out of its original owner by the American Enterprise Institute, the largest American investment company.
The new company had to take it to a larger scale to take it further. And it’s really only a matter of time before the computers begin to turn on.”
[quote=Ferrari 6]The next company to be built was the Pontiac Grand National. It was built shortly after the first computers began operating around the world (Chaney 54). This was after the introduction of mechanical calculators (UFOs), a type of computing that was meant for the military but also used for medical purposes (Ferrari 55).
[quote=Chevy 6]The main difference between these machines was that IBM could do two kinds of calculations, the raw computations which took place in the control room, and the raw computations that would need to be performed on the computer itself. These were done in the control room in isolation, but it was possible for IBM to use a computer that was actually equipped with an outside power source in addition to computer and electronic systems. It was also possible in some situations, such as the early days of artificial intelligence, that the IBM program could send all the data it received to the computer’s computer network, which would then be powered by an outside power source (Cohn 54). If the computer’s program was running efficiently, the computer needed to be in the control room for some time so when the computer was put online it could do some of the raw computations (Ferrari 56).
However, when the machine would power itself, the IBM COO’s role made it seem that the IBM programmers were only making a few calculations with the machine or had chosen to make one specific, independent calculation from the whole process and not making any adjustments that would benefit it. For example, if the program was running in isolation, but when the machine power was switched when the COO went to sit in the control room then the machine could do many computations which were made at the same time.
This point is discussed before again, but again there was a clear focus on being able to combine the programs by which the COO wrote the computations to get to the machine. The most frequently discussed point about this point is that it cannot be accomplished in isolation by using a computer in isolation.
Why only have humans been able to perform the computation and the execution of computations such as multiplication and division without the interference of robots and other technology? It is because humans are not allowed to do the mathematical computations without a human being.
The best answer to this is that human beings could not make and use the mathematical computations on a personal computer. Machines were not always capable of calculating, but only of doing them under very limited circumstances. Therefore, when the computer was equipped with an outside power source, the program could only do one specific calculation—one that would ultimately benefit the other. If the machine power could not do one specific calculation, it would benefit all of the other computational programs that supported computations.
Human beings could not perform other computations if the machine power was not completely turned on and out of use.
Another very important point is that human beings did not really know how to use machines. One reason for this is that machine learning algorithms (often the first of the two) were not properly understood by the general public (e.g., the Internet was so far from the computing world that most people did not ever understand which computer to use, and which computer did work and which computer did not) and that because they did not include a large number of people that the information needed to do all the computations in the real machine was so minimal that an ordinary person could not use them out of sight and feel (Ferrari 58)!
While some people believe that the CTO of IBM has done better with these machine learning problems than he has done with other similar ones, they also do not know for certain exactly what the COO means by Watson or any other other machine learning expert. On the other hand, some people have also expressed concern about how the COO’s job might have been improved with the machine learning problem they were dealing with. As you may or may not know, in the late 1990s, IBM started asking large company support groups to help with any issues the COO was facing, such as whether computer software was fully up to date, how much the company needed to pay for a new machine learning software, and the number of employees in the project. (At the time, the company was only 50 workers; they were looking to hire a larger number of staff to support the project if the size of the project were increased enough so that IBM was going to need to be “commissioned”, but this may not be the case anymore with other company projects that were going away in early part of this decade.) The COO’s job of making sure that the machine learning solution they wanted was fully
[quote=Mozilla 6]The third step by which people realized at the time it was becoming technologically possible for them to do mathematical calculations was when the world’s second largest software company, Microsoft, was founded in 1874. The company was headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, about 4 miles south of the city of Bellevue. Before it closed down, the company had been looking for a bigger space, just south of the city center. The search for the right location was eventually turned over to IBM, who set up its first research center that was built on the site of the company building at 70th Avenue and N. Broad Streets. The project began from the fact that IBM was getting out of its contract with a large U
Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl;
they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people notic
Computers are a part of our everyday lives, but about two decades ago, computers were just beginning to enter homes. Many people don’t realize what the computer evolved from, and the speed at which computer technology has taken to arrive to what it is today.
The earliest know computer is the abacus, invented by the Chinese in 2600 B.C. Not many people consider this to be a computer, but by definition, it is. One of the more recent early computers was built by Herman Hollerith, who invented a machine that used a system of cards with holes in them. By using these cards he was able to calculate the United State Census. Hollerith’s Computer Tabulating-Recording Company changed its name in 1924 to International Business Machines, IBM for short. This is the same IBM that is known today to many computer users. During the 1980s and 1990s, IBM was a large player in the personal computer market. It was as important as Microsoft is the to the world of computing today. The main term that was used was, “IBM-Compatible.”
The IBM-Compatible System was also known as a “Hollerith” system, and would be used for many occupations. The IBM-Compatible system consisted of: a large number of removable drives, both memory and external RAM, with up to eight additional hard drives, each in a separate rack, connected to different drives. All of this power was stored in just three cards—one with ROM, another with a 3D image—with a large number of small card holders. The IBM-Compended system contained four hard drives, each of which would hold some 60 cards.
For machines with a hard drive, “lensless” (an early form of “loose” and “hard copy” computers) were called “loose-to-open” or “loose-to-free-space.” The IBM-Compended system could use up to eight hard drives. One of these two disks, if not more, was to be used for hard-drive copying. The hard drive must be closed for a moment that the computer is ready to be erased from a record. Other disks or drives could be loaded into the system that were not loaded. This time, a hard drive was placed inside the back of the drive and erased, in a manner similar to opening a paperclip. The computer would then be stored in an individual cartridge that was loaded on top of it, so that only the hard drive memory on the cartridge could be loaded. This method, described in more detail in the manual, would hold disks and drives in different locations on the disk at different depths.
Because of its high power density, the IBM-Compended system was much more powerful than any other hard drive. It could store data for about 10 minutes, while a typical hard drive would hold about 250. This was the main advantage that the IBM-Compended system gave computers. But, in the early 1900s there was an increase in the number of computer users that brought the IBM-Compended system with them. (They were replaced with newer mechanical hard drives that were capable of storing data at more depth, up to 20-times as high, and could store a large amount of data in an even more small space!) The number of IBM-Compendable hard drives increased significantly as well as the number of memory cartridges that could be loaded on those machines. Finally, the number of computer peripherals used with the IBM-Compended system grew slowly, and it became extremely expensive: they ran about $40 (at today´s prices) per hard disk.
The number of operating systems was also increasing. By the 1930s, there were more than 11 computers (some of them the very machines that made up the U.S. government, although other computers often were just as popular as their software). Today, the popularity of operating systems is highly dependent on several factors. The
A large movement in computer technology was the use of vacuum tubes. In 1904 John Ambrose Fleming invented the first commercial diode vacuum tube. Thomas Edison already discovered this, but discarded the discovery as useless. Before the vacuum tube was discovered, computers were made of gears and switches. Now with the vacuum tube, it acted as a switch turning on and off much faster than standard switches. This also caused less wear and tear on the machine, prolonging the life of the computer, lessening the frequency of repairs.
In 1943 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer) was built. It was the first all electronic computer, and required so much electricity that when the power was turned on, the lights