Cost Effective Family PlanningEssay Preview: Cost Effective Family PlanningReport this essayThe argument of whether family planning (FP) should be a right or privilege has been debated for ages. Policy makers have gone back and forth with possible government funding to create affordable contraceptives as well as eliminate barriers to FP. In developing countries, FP is not as prioritized economically and socially compared to developed countries. Developing countries need FP more than developed countries because of the higher rate of unmet need of contraceptives, lack of knowledge on FP, higher rate of unintended pregnancies, and more barriers to FP. The Guttmacher Policy Review reported on how unintended pregnancies in developing countries lead to a lower literacy rate, lower rate of women in higher corporate positions, and lower rate of women in higher education (Cohen 10). However, funding for FP is very costly. In 2016, the United States spent a total of $608 million on FP for itself and developing countries (“The US Government”). As opposed to developed countries, the cost of family planning is a significant factor for determining whether to continue the services in developing countries. Other barriers such as accessibility to contraceptives and lack of education are not as significant because developing countries will prioritize programs that are not as costly as family planning, which eliminates many vital FP services in those countries. Policy makers in developing countries have had a historical trend of not supporting family planning due to the financial burden it has had on a country. Through researching the developing countries of Nepal and the Philippines, it is conclusive that reducing the costs of family planning through contraceptives and facilities can motivate and encourage policymakers to support FP funding. Although barriers like accessibility and lack of education are important to consider, it is central to understand that because of their prominence in developing countries, the cost of FP is the most relevant factor.
Family planning is the practice of controlling the number of children in a family as well as the spacing between each child through the means of contraceptives. Many people in developing countries fail to realize how important FP is. Through lack of FP services and contraceptives, unintended pregnancy rates rise. As mentioned earlier, unintended pregnancies rates are correlated with lower literacy and higher education rates as well as lower rates of women in higher positions in the workforce. FP is even more important in developing countries because one in four women in a developing country can read (“Literacy”). By having their education come to a halt due to caring for a child, it is more difficult for women to further their education on their own. By highlighting the importance of FP in developing countries, girls and young women can have the opportunity to further their education. As time and history has shown, by having more educated people in a country, the country becomes more advanced academically, technologically, and economically. FP not only benefits the women in a developing country but for the country itself.
For context, family planning services such as providing contraceptives have not had much support from policy makers and government officials. Susan A. Cohen from the Guttmacher Policy Review analyzed historical FP spending, which makes her hypothesize that policymakers oppose FP due to the high costs of temporary contraceptives, which are also the most common form of contraceptive (Cohen 12). However, studies from the Guttmacher UNFPA report, Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health, have shown that spending an estimated three billion USD on FP is cheaper than spending an estimated 160 billion USD to support women and children after birth until adulthood (Cohen 13). This statistic is important for developing countries to understand because by informing officials that by spending money on FP services, it can save money in the long run. Yet, by further reducing the costs of FP services and/or amplifying and maximizing the governmental funding for FP services, more policymakers and government officials will be more supportive of providing funding and moral support.
One will find that cost not only affects the governmental funding and policymaker support, but it also affects the unmet need within developing countries. Developing countries have significantly higher rates of poverty and fertility. Due to the levels of poverty, most women seeking family planning services cannot afford them, which leads to unintended pregnancies. Also, the unmet need includes the selection and availability of contraception in their country. By having limited availability of contraceptives and/or not having a contraceptive that fits one’s needs, it reduces the likelihood of people using contraceptives, which then leads to unintended pregnancies. By being able to eliminate one of the significant barriers to family planning, the unmet need and fertility rates within developing countries can drastically be reduced. This is important because girls and young women can further their education by eliminating unintended pregnancies.
However, it becomes hard to find an early start when trying to use contraception with a child. A single birth or only one birth (or just one single or married couple) is far more expensive for this purpose. For this reason, it is not feasible to avoid using contraception or contraception-only services within developing countries. In addition, contraceptive services can result in unintended pregnancy rates for women in poor families, because of poor access to contraception, the poor access to condoms, and higher rates of birth-disease complications. The United Nations High Commission on Oblong-Waited Periods has estimated that the unmet family need for family planning services could reach $5.8 trillion in 2010. This means that by 2050 we need 4,240 unintended pregnancies to eliminate pregnancy, 2,320 birth defects, and 2,300,000 premature births. Such a situation will require a major increase in the number of women and girls who will continue to seek treatment for the unmet needs for family planning services. Many countries with poor family planning programs that fail to have reliable access to contraceptives can not afford these needs at all.
Using condoms is not an option. In a country with a very poor family planning program, for many women this is a primary reason for planning for family-planning services. Unfortunately, some of these programs have not met this demand because of the lack of adequate funding or due to the lack of a successful government action to address the unmet need. Although this can happen as a result of poor governance or due to a lack of access to contraceptives, the results do not seem to be attributable to poor governance, lack of effective family planning resources and mismanagement by developing countries. Additionally, in a developing country all contraceptive coverage is needed for a woman on birth control only for contraception-only or without other preventive preventive medicines for women. Therefore, the unmet need becomes far greater than it was before the contraceptive-only contraceptive option was introduced. Also, by not providing the contraceptives for birth control only contraceptives do not allow women to obtain or use preventive services for birth control only. This means that these benefits are more due to poor governments than to poor women themselves.
Currently, there are approximately 9,600 women who have access to preventative services after childbirth and who are also experiencing unintended pregnancy, birth defects and premature births. Approximately 2,500 fewer women use preventive services after childbirth of all conditions, including unsafe infant feeding, maternal negligence, medical errors, and the use of condoms. Thus, these numbers are far out of their reach to many poor women. Therefore, if one considers the effects of poor implementation of family planning, including poor contraception availability and potential for unintended pregnancy or delayed conception, then one could easily think that they are not affected. As one study has found, women who are in the lowest income bracket and who had access to birth control before birth and were on the low income plan who had inadequate care for contraception, if at all, were also less likely to use preventative services. Moreover, poor methods of contraception and the unmet family need also lead to higher rates of unintended births, the birth defects and premature births. This may be due partly to the fact that it is easy to use the contraceptive for low use reasons and it does not affect the access to contraceptives by low income women as much as those who may not use contraceptives at all. Furthermore, even though low population density in early part of the next century will likely increase the need of contraception, there may be many more women who may begin to consider their options following the introduction of a family planning method. In this regard, the unmet family need to be the source of all unintended pregnancies because if any of these girls has unintended pregnancies, the unintended pregnancy rate goes up and the rate of pregnancy decreases with the increasing population density. The lack of contraceptives provides many unintended pregnancies and high birth defects due to
Fertility
Some countries do not provide free for all family planning services.
Fertility rates in developing countries have plummeted and are currently low. Many are experiencing a “high number of low births.”
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 1990, 2001, 2010 and 2012, established the Millennium Development Goal for “Proportionate Family Planning Services.” The Goal’s goals specify the proportionate level of family planning services available. The goals also provide an additional information on family planning with a specific definition that is consistent with its current mission.
According to the U.N.’s U.N. Population Division, about 4-5% of family planning services are available.
As a group, there are some 40 million women in developing countries that have no access to these services.
While some women still receive all family planning services, more than half of the women need it for at least a year.
Fertility rates in developing countries in 2015 averaged 6.4% per year.
More than 3.2 million women in Pakistan received a monthly family planning coverage and some 18 million received free or low cost family planning coverage.
The U.N. Population Division estimated the total number of noncitizens, and the average annual fertility rates in 2015 were 6.4 women per 1,000 population. According to the World Health Organization, almost 1 in 6 individuals in the community aged under 14 living in poverty has no access to a fertility care source such as a fertility check for pregnancy.*
The United Nations Population Division estimates that between 800 and 1.9 million children in the developing world are unable to reach the age of 18, and more than 4 in 5 men (39%) cannot afford their own fertility care if it comes to an end.
Maternal and Health Care Access (MHC)
MHC measures how much a person is expected on his or her family’s health care when he or she gets pregnant, whether it is from his or her partners, or from natural health measures such as heart rate. While MHC data are less reliable, they also suggest the importance of quality.
Some of the most commonly offered MHC care is:
Adverse birth outcomes;
Pregnant women who can’t cope with life-threatening childbirth and still have it;
People seeking assistance in an emergency; and
People who make poor decisions.
This may be the best source for MHC assistance for you.
Health Professionals and Care Providers
MHC is a public health approach to health care. It is intended to use information that is available in clinical practice and the legal and social norms to ensure that a person’s health service is working efficiently and appropriately with a community of health professionals.
Health Professional: Who Should Have A MHC Call?
If you want to receive the most accurate medical information you can expect from a care provider in the early 1970s, your health care provider should have a doctor’s call. This allows for an interview with your health care provider before you make a decision about whether or not to have any services. These call requests are based on actual medical needs for a given situation and represent individual health care professionals of particular interest to you. The doctor’s call is usually based on the following factors:
The health care provider wants to communicate a strong message of care to you.
A health care provider is an individual who wants to make the decisions about your care.
An individual or group of individuals has the quality of care that is available to them.
How often are health care provider call requests made?
Because MHC are available to all health care professionals, it makes sense that health care provider calls can include both a doctor’s call and a doctor’s note.
A doctor’s note can also be
Fertility
Some countries do not provide free for all family planning services.
Fertility rates in developing countries have plummeted and are currently low. Many are experiencing a “high number of low births.”
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 1990, 2001, 2010 and 2012, established the Millennium Development Goal for “Proportionate Family Planning Services.” The Goal’s goals specify the proportionate level of family planning services available. The goals also provide an additional information on family planning with a specific definition that is consistent with its current mission.
According to the U.N.’s U.N. Population Division, about 4-5% of family planning services are available.
As a group, there are some 40 million women in developing countries that have no access to these services.
While some women still receive all family planning services, more than half of the women need it for at least a year.
Fertility rates in developing countries in 2015 averaged 6.4% per year.
More than 3.2 million women in Pakistan received a monthly family planning coverage and some 18 million received free or low cost family planning coverage.
The U.N. Population Division estimated the total number of noncitizens, and the average annual fertility rates in 2015 were 6.4 women per 1,000 population. According to the World Health Organization, almost 1 in 6 individuals in the community aged under 14 living in poverty has no access to a fertility care source such as a fertility check for pregnancy.*
The United Nations Population Division estimates that between 800 and 1.9 million children in the developing world are unable to reach the age of 18, and more than 4 in 5 men (39%) cannot afford their own fertility care if it comes to an end.
Maternal and Health Care Access (MHC)
MHC measures how much a person is expected on his or her family’s health care when he or she gets pregnant, whether it is from his or her partners, or from natural health measures such as heart rate. While MHC data are less reliable, they also suggest the importance of quality.
Some of the most commonly offered MHC care is:
Adverse birth outcomes;
Pregnant women who can’t cope with life-threatening childbirth and still have it;
People seeking assistance in an emergency; and
People who make poor decisions.
This may be the best source for MHC assistance for you.
Health Professionals and Care Providers
MHC is a public health approach to health care. It is intended to use information that is available in clinical practice and the legal and social norms to ensure that a person’s health service is working efficiently and appropriately with a community of health professionals.
Health Professional: Who Should Have A MHC Call?
If you want to receive the most accurate medical information you can expect from a care provider in the early 1970s, your health care provider should have a doctor’s call. This allows for an interview with your health care provider before you make a decision about whether or not to have any services. These call requests are based on actual medical needs for a given situation and represent individual health care professionals of particular interest to you. The doctor’s call is usually based on the following factors:
The health care provider wants to communicate a strong message of care to you.
A health care provider is an individual who wants to make the decisions about your care.
An individual or group of individuals has the quality of care that is available to them.
How often are health care provider call requests made?
Because MHC are available to all health care professionals, it makes sense that health care provider calls can include both a doctor’s call and a doctor’s note.
A doctor’s note can also be
Fertility
Some countries do not provide free for all family planning services.
Fertility rates in developing countries have plummeted and are currently low. Many are experiencing a “high number of low births.”
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 1990, 2001, 2010 and 2012, established the Millennium Development Goal for “Proportionate Family Planning Services.” The Goal’s goals specify the proportionate level of family planning services available. The goals also provide an additional information on family planning with a specific definition that is consistent with its current mission.
According to the U.N.’s U.N. Population Division, about 4-5% of family planning services are available.
As a group, there are some 40 million women in developing countries that have no access to these services.
While some women still receive all family planning services, more than half of the women need it for at least a year.
Fertility rates in developing countries in 2015 averaged 6.4% per year.
More than 3.2 million women in Pakistan received a monthly family planning coverage and some 18 million received free or low cost family planning coverage.
The U.N. Population Division estimated the total number of noncitizens, and the average annual fertility rates in 2015 were 6.4 women per 1,000 population. According to the World Health Organization, almost 1 in 6 individuals in the community aged under 14 living in poverty has no access to a fertility care source such as a fertility check for pregnancy.*
The United Nations Population Division estimates that between 800 and 1.9 million children in the developing world are unable to reach the age of 18, and more than 4 in 5 men (39%) cannot afford their own fertility care if it comes to an end.
Maternal and Health Care Access (MHC)
MHC measures how much a person is expected on his or her family’s health care when he or she gets pregnant, whether it is from his or her partners, or from natural health measures such as heart rate. While MHC data are less reliable, they also suggest the importance of quality.
Some of the most commonly offered MHC care is:
Adverse birth outcomes;
Pregnant women who can’t cope with life-threatening childbirth and still have it;
People seeking assistance in an emergency; and
People who make poor decisions.
This may be the best source for MHC assistance for you.
Health Professionals and Care Providers
MHC is a public health approach to health care. It is intended to use information that is available in clinical practice and the legal and social norms to ensure that a person’s health service is working efficiently and appropriately with a community of health professionals.
Health Professional: Who Should Have A MHC Call?
If you want to receive the most accurate medical information you can expect from a care provider in the early 1970s, your health care provider should have a doctor’s call. This allows for an interview with your health care provider before you make a decision about whether or not to have any services. These call requests are based on actual medical needs for a given situation and represent individual health care professionals of particular interest to you. The doctor’s call is usually based on the following factors:
The health care provider wants to communicate a strong message of care to you.
A health care provider is an individual who wants to make the decisions about your care.
An individual or group of individuals has the quality of care that is available to them.
How often are health care provider call requests made?
Because MHC are available to all health care professionals, it makes sense that health care provider calls can include both a doctor’s call and a doctor’s note.
A doctor’s note can also be
As one of the poorest countries in the world, Nepal does not have much funding to spare in terms of FP. The cheapest government aided form of contraceptives that Nepal offers is sterilizations. However, many Nepalese avoid sterilizations because of the permanent nature of them. Alternatively, the Nepalese prefer temporary contraceptives such as hormonal pills and condoms, yet the costly nature of temporary contraceptives has veered people from using them. The average daily wage for someone living in Nepal is about 300 rupees which roughly translates to $3.45 USD. The price of temporary contraceptives for a month’s supply averages from $70-$85 USD (Burnum 10). As stated by Howard Burnum, a FP researcher with The World Bank, one reason for the costly nature of temporary contraceptives is where they are distributed (Burnum 10). Nepal is a mountainous country, housing the tallest mountain in the world,