Alternatives to Prison
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Prisons, facilities maintained for confining people convicted of committing crimes, were used to rehabilitate offenders while keeping them isolated from the community. The Quakers built the first prison in 1790 in order to seclude criminal offenders from society to think about their wrongdoing and to seek forgiveness in a kind, and spiritual environment. (Inciardi 497)
Currently, there are three types of prisons within the Federal, State, and County governments. These are categorized by the degree of security they provide. Minimum security prisons, which are also known as county jails, provide minimal supervision. These jails are generally used as holding cells for offenders awaiting trial or release. Medium security and maximum security prisons are utilized for the offenders serving a sentenced amount of time for their offenses. Their levels of security and prison design are more intense than the minimum security prisons.
The effectiveness of prisons has decreased due to progressive overcrowding, and the lack of conclusive alternatives. The need for alternatives has grown immensely over the last decade. Nonetheless, the State and Federal governments are desperate for competent, less expensive solutions. Costs of keeping a prisoner imprisoned vary among states and facilities.
Each prisoner kept in minimum-security prison generally costs us approximately $25,000 per year, while a prisoner held in a maximum-security prison costs between $35,000 to $74,862 per year. (Smolowe 56) These costs include basic transportation to and from the prison, infirmaries, kitchens and dining area, power plants used for electricity, sewage disposal, prison schools, labor buildings and locations, and salaries for the staff members. As the prison costs increase, the chance of layoffs among personnel increases, which would ultimately result in more violence and much less rehabilitation. In 1993, 21 correction agencies opened 48 new institutions, adding 42,899 beds at an average cost of $47,153 per cell. (Jacobs et al. 120) “In an era of tight money, spending on construction and operations of prisons is increasing twice as fast as the growth in overall spending”. (Holmes 3) These rising costs are another reason alternatives to prison are being pursued.
In 1980, the United States housed 329,821 total inmates in State and Federal prisons. (Allen et al. 221) As of 1994, this population count expanded to 1,053,738 inmates; a 219% increase. (Allen et al. 221) “The worlds highest incarceration rate has seesawed in recent years between the Untied States and Russia, with both far outdistancing other nations”. (“Get Tough” 24) Consequently, ” the United States finds itself in the midst of an unparalleled prison building boom”. (Holmes 3)
Overcrowding occurs when prisoners are forced to share cramped cells with many different prisoners. This has always been a problem for prisons and it continues to be a serious, escalating problem. It contributes to brutal prison violence between other prisoners and guards, therefore, lowering the effectiveness of rehabilitation and security within the prison. According to a Justice Department report released in January 1997, “U.S. Prisons and jails held more than 1,630,000 people in mid 1996, more than double the number from the mid 1980s” (“Get Tough” 24). As of 1993, federal prisons had a rated design to hold 59,849 people, in which the average capacity is 136% of that amount. (Jacobs et al. 108) This doesnt include prisoners sent to local jails due to overcrowding.
Federal and State governments have been searching for successful alternatives to prison because of the severity of overcrowding and costs. The effectiveness of the available alternatives is competitive to incarceration. Many violent and repeat offenders are released early from prison due to the overcrowding problems.(Smolowe 56) It seems more sensible to keep the violent offenders in prison than those criminals convicted for property damage, drugs, and other less serious crimes. Population in the prison system and the expenditures would also decrease substantially if these alternatives were implemented more while safeguarding the quality of security in the prisons. The recidivism for criminal offenders released from prison is 50%. (“Successful Alternative” 18)
Many states currently employ numerous alternatives to prisons. The most popular are ISPs (Intensive Supervision Programs), shock incarceration, electronic monitoring, parole and probation, workhouses, house arrest, and community service. In earlier years, the government used more severe forms of punishment (i.e. corporal punishment and capital punishment) for those convicted of more serious, violent crimes. The use of these alternatives is based upon varied evaluations administered to the prisoner, as well as the seriousness of the crime for which the person has been convicted of.
Variations of the Intensive Supervision Programs were accepted and implemented by every state between 1980 and 1990. (Jacobs et al. 87) These are used mainly to alleviate prison overcrowding, and provide rigorous supervision of high-risk offenders. Some of the requirements of ISPs are random, and unannounced drug testing, employment, multiple contacts with a supervising officer each week, and participation in a relevant treatment program. (Allen 204) The approximate cost of this program is $4,000 per year for each offender. (Jacobs et al. 87) This is substantially less than the cost of keeping a person imprisoned. One third of all New Jersey non-violent offenders choose ISPs over prison. (Jacobs et al. 87) The recidivism rate is 31%; or 69% effectiveness. (“Successful Alternative” 18)
Shock incarceration, also known as boot camp, is a controversial, military-type program geared to motivate prisoners, teach them respect, and break destructive patterns of behavior. The duration of the program averaged 4.3 months per inmate in 1992, and cost an estimated $6,200 per inmate. (Katel 26) The average curriculum size is 100 to 250 inmates in one. (Katel 26) Shock incarceration was originally tried in 1983 by Georgia, and then tried in 1984 in Oklahoma. (Katel 26) By the end of 1993, there were an estimated 50 programs in use in 30 states, 10 in local jurisdictions, and implemented in the federal corrections system. (Jacobs et al. 57) This alternative is offered as a voluntary program to nonviolent offenders (without prior prison experience) in exchange for a shorter prison term; except in Mississippi and Georgia. Although it is too soon to have concrete results on the success of the program, it proves to be punitive in rigid discipline, and rehabilitative with self- esteem. (Jacobs et al. 57) Most of these programs include drill exercises,