Essay Preview: Ms.Report this essayNapoleone di Buonaparte, later Napolйon Bonaparte [1]; 15 August 1769-5 May 1821) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic, and Emperor of the French (Empereur des FranÐ*ais). He was also King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Born in Corsica and trained in mainland France as an artillery officer, he first rose to prominence as a general of the French Revolution, leading several successful campaigns against the First Coalition and the Second Coalition of neighboring powers opposed to the Revolution. In late 1799, Napoleon staged a coup dйtat to install himself as First Consul of France; five years later he crowned himself Emperor. Meanwhile, during the first decade of the nineteenth century the armies of France under his command fought almost every major European power, and gained control of most of continental Europe either by force of arms – through battlefield victories such as Austerlitz and Friedland – or by alliance systems. He went on to appoint several members of his family and close friends as monarchs and important government figures of French-dominated states.
Born in Corsica, he joined a French army under his mother’s patronage and graduated from the University of Cancun and became colonel in the French garrison near the city of Rouen (today called Fort Mezzon-sur-Ouest, located just a few kilometers from Laval).[6] He completed his naval career and returned to France, where he led France into the Third Crusade to rescue the lives of so many French convicts during the First World War.[7] During the early part of the century, his forces occupied major battles alongside Britain, Germany, France, and Belgium, destroying their allies and killing many of them. In the summer of 1799, he joined the expeditionary force to attack the fortress of Monde-Ponty; the second wave of the battle had been defeated.[8] He was the youngest member of his unit, but by 1814 was preparing to embark on a tour of Normandy, where he would seek to join his superior in the resistance.[9] He was commissioned as a commissioned officer in 1814. Despite his younger sister’s protests not to be able to travel for extended periods with him or to accompany him after the war,[10] the consul in Paris appointed him as a deacon to each house, and to see his children under four-year-olds.[11] He was a distinguished leader of several French military organizations, including the National Liberation Army, the Union of French and Belgian Armed Forces, the French People’s Army and the French Socialist Party as well as the National Front.[12]
The National Liberation Army During the French Empire, the Army of the Army of the Réunion (known also as the National Front) was a front and defense force composed primarily of French officers. The Army’s commanders were French and later French émigrés. One of these officers was a colonel in the Revolutionary Armed Forces for France. Despite this great military merit, the French refused to allow their soldiers to serve openly, the French considered their officers to be soldiers of the French Empire, which was at war or the enemy. The NAF was led by colonel General Aptes de Sabin who, in 1798, was chosen as the President of the Republic. When the British invaded France and occupied Belgium in what appears to be the beginning of the French revolution, some of the NAF’s key advisers were imprisoned and some of the key leaders taken on trial instead. Despite this, the NAF finally accepted the French authorities for compensation. However, the NAF’s actions caused internal strife along the French side until their men were executed, prompting Sabin to agree with the French government not to allow anyone to serve openly in France’s Army.[13] His actions have, in turn, triggered the French Revolution that broke out in 1799 and ended the war between the French and the English. The events of this Revolution had many repercussions, including the creation of a constitutional monarchy. The National Front, like its early ancestors, was an ideological movement at first. One influential figure who came up with a radical new socialistic and economic ideology, which was not overtly pro-capitalist, was Jean Félix Bourdignon. This radical, revolutionary-sounding ideology was based on Proudhon’s idea of communism as the ultimate form of self-management and self-sacrifice by human beings. It was opposed by the British because of their own military and financial problems, even though it was clearly a communist policy. It
Municipal and Municipal Constitutions: The first municipality in Europe to become popularly adopted was Athens. For less than 5 years it was the site of great protests and rioting, which eventually resulted in a declaration of martial law, and then an agreement with the new government with regard to the establishment of a municipal government. In 1799, the city was again officially organized and adopted for the First Continental Congress of 1799, with the intention of establishing an established “General Assembly.” Although a municipal democracy was declared to be possible and recognized by the king after his victory over the Napoleon, it had yet to be fully established. In 1796 the general assembly was dissolved, following the collapse of the French constitutional convention in 1793. While the new government had a considerable number of officers but the majority of them were officers of nobility, while only a small number of the highest officers were nobles. The local aristocracy was still organized in a “Municipal Council,” named after a prominent general who had been called upon by a popular revolutionary to declare martial law in France, and a number of local monarchs were elected by members of the assembly by force of arms or by voting. The “general assembly” was to be composed of several representatives elected by the public, and one elector elected by the electorate. The municipal electees, selected from the nobility, had the same authority as that vested in a general assembly; the public was elected by majority of the members. The assembly’s representative elected by a majority comprised of aristocratic and non-noble members, although those who refused to do so were thus considered a minority, and those who remained would have the right to vote in the choice given to them by all the members. The municipal council took an active role in the government of the country. The municipality was also formed from the property of all the owners of such property (including those whose houses were destroyed by the armies of Napoleon in 1793), and the first part or whole of the municipality was under military control of certain members of a general assembly. Municipal buildings were usually of sufficient size to accommodate as many hundreds of inhabitants as were necessary for each municipality to survive once the military might of the army had been employed. The buildings were usually of a form suitable to the number and condition of each city, and the officers that were present in each metropolis must be considered by the municipal council. As municipalities were made up of several independent parts, each metropolis was given its own name and function in an open and public manner for the whole population; as much of the public domain was reserved for the municipalities of the surrounding areas and to the municipalities of the provinces, where the municipalities were at present under formal authority. The municipal council was presided over by a representative of the general assembly, who appointed a certain number of members to the governing body for the municipalities in which they lived. The general assembly was to elect representatives not from the general assembly but from the electors of any towns and villages in which the association had not yet joined. The elections were by the people. It was necessary for each municipality to decide on the best method of electing its representatives as soon as it was determined by sufficient material (usually consisting of three or more pieces of paper) and to do so at a time of national emergency under a national constitution. If no representation was made as soon as the assembly could resolve an emergency, a proclamation was issued by municipal council stating that municipal government was to be established in whole or in part only
Municipal and Municipal Constitutions: The first municipality in Europe to become popularly adopted was Athens. For less than 5 years it was the site of great protests and rioting, which eventually resulted in a declaration of martial law, and then an agreement with the new government with regard to the establishment of a municipal government. In 1799, the city was again officially organized and adopted for the First Continental Congress of 1799, with the intention of establishing an established “General Assembly.” Although a municipal democracy was declared to be possible and recognized by the king after his victory over the Napoleon, it had yet to be fully established. In 1796 the general assembly was dissolved, following the collapse of the French constitutional convention in 1793. While the new government had a considerable number of officers but the majority of them were officers of nobility, while only a small number of the highest officers were nobles. The local aristocracy was still organized in a “Municipal Council,” named after a prominent general who had been called upon by a popular revolutionary to declare martial law in France, and a number of local monarchs were elected by members of the assembly by force of arms or by voting. The “general assembly” was to be composed of several representatives elected by the public, and one elector elected by the electorate. The municipal electees, selected from the nobility, had the same authority as that vested in a general assembly; the public was elected by majority of the members. The assembly’s representative elected by a majority comprised of aristocratic and non-noble members, although those who refused to do so were thus considered a minority, and those who remained would have the right to vote in the choice given to them by all the members. The municipal council took an active role in the government of the country. The municipality was also formed from the property of all the owners of such property (including those whose houses were destroyed by the armies of Napoleon in 1793), and the first part or whole of the municipality was under military control of certain members of a general assembly. Municipal buildings were usually of sufficient size to accommodate as many hundreds of inhabitants as were necessary for each municipality to survive once the military might of the army had been employed. The buildings were usually of a form suitable to the number and condition of each city, and the officers that were present in each metropolis must be considered by the municipal council. As municipalities were made up of several independent parts, each metropolis was given its own name and function in an open and public manner for the whole population; as much of the public domain was reserved for the municipalities of the surrounding areas and to the municipalities of the provinces, where the municipalities were at present under formal authority. The municipal council was presided over by a representative of the general assembly, who appointed a certain number of members to the governing body for the municipalities in which they lived. The general assembly was to elect representatives not from the general assembly but from the electors of any towns and villages in which the association had not yet joined. The elections were by the people. It was necessary for each municipality to decide on the best method of electing its representatives as soon as it was determined by sufficient material (usually consisting of three or more pieces of paper) and to do so at a time of national emergency under a national constitution. If no representation was made as soon as the assembly could resolve an emergency, a proclamation was issued by municipal council stating that municipal government was to be established in whole or in part only
Municipal and Municipal Constitutions: The first municipality in Europe to become popularly adopted was Athens. For less than 5 years it was the site of great protests and rioting, which eventually resulted in a declaration of martial law, and then an agreement with the new government with regard to the establishment of a municipal government. In 1799, the city was again officially organized and adopted for the First Continental Congress of 1799, with the intention of establishing an established “General Assembly.” Although a municipal democracy was declared to be possible and recognized by the king after his victory over the Napoleon, it had yet to be fully established. In 1796 the general assembly was dissolved, following the collapse of the French constitutional convention in 1793. While the new government had a considerable number of officers but the majority of them were officers of nobility, while only a small number of the highest officers were nobles. The local aristocracy was still organized in a “Municipal Council,” named after a prominent general who had been called upon by a popular revolutionary to declare martial law in France, and a number of local monarchs were elected by members of the assembly by force of arms or by voting. The “general assembly” was to be composed of several representatives elected by the public, and one elector elected by the electorate. The municipal electees, selected from the nobility, had the same authority as that vested in a general assembly; the public was elected by majority of the members. The assembly’s representative elected by a majority comprised of aristocratic and non-noble members, although those who refused to do so were thus considered a minority, and those who remained would have the right to vote in the choice given to them by all the members. The municipal council took an active role in the government of the country. The municipality was also formed from the property of all the owners of such property (including those whose houses were destroyed by the armies of Napoleon in 1793), and the first part or whole of the municipality was under military control of certain members of a general assembly. Municipal buildings were usually of sufficient size to accommodate as many hundreds of inhabitants as were necessary for each municipality to survive once the military might of the army had been employed. The buildings were usually of a form suitable to the number and condition of each city, and the officers that were present in each metropolis must be considered by the municipal council. As municipalities were made up of several independent parts, each metropolis was given its own name and function in an open and public manner for the whole population; as much of the public domain was reserved for the municipalities of the surrounding areas and to the municipalities of the provinces, where the municipalities were at present under formal authority. The municipal council was presided over by a representative of the general assembly, who appointed a certain number of members to the governing body for the municipalities in which they lived. The general assembly was to elect representatives not from the general assembly but from the electors of any towns and villages in which the association had not yet joined. The elections were by the people. It was necessary for each municipality to decide on the best method of electing its representatives as soon as it was determined by sufficient material (usually consisting of three or more pieces of paper) and to do so at a time of national emergency under a national constitution. If no representation was made as soon as the assembly could resolve an emergency, a proclamation was issued by municipal council stating that municipal government was to be established in whole or in part only
A disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleons fortunes. The campaign left his Grande Armйe severely depleted in number and it never regained its previous strength. In October 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig and then invaded France. Napoleon was forced to abdicate in April of the following year and was exiled to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he escaped to France and regained control of the government. This second period of Napoleonic rule, now known as the Hundred Days (les Cent Jours), ended quickly with his defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Napoleon spent the remaining six years of his life under British supervision on the island of