Oil and Gas
Oil and GasPrimary Recovery: Produced by means of Natural pressure systemSecondary Recovery: Uses External fluids (water/gas/chemical) and injected into wells.Wells:Drilling Well: Used for drilling for oil & gas productionProduction Well: Produce oil & Gas.Injection Well: Water, gas, steam, co2 are injected through this.Christmas tree: Placed on the top of wellhead, have several valves. [pic 1]Types of Lifts:Beam pumpElectric Submersible Pump(ESP)Progressive Cavity Pump(PCP)Gas LiftMPM (Multi-Phase Meters): Determine oil, gas and water flowing through the well.Chemicals/Dilutes: Mixed to prevent corrosion, scale and wax in pipes and to prevent gas from hydrating.Separation: Separate water from oil and resulting product is kept in tanks.Upgraders: Heavy oil like Bitumen is processed further and converted into synthetic oil products.Natural Gas: Methane + Ethane + Propane + Butane + some HeptaneRich Gas: Natural Gas rich in propane & ButaneSour Gas: Gas with high Sulphur contentSweet Gas: Sulphur removed gasFractionation: a Complex process of extraction of propane, butane and heptane from natural gas.LNG (Liquid Natural Gas): Processes Natural Gas is cooled down to liquid form Transport Service Operator (TSO): Operator of pipeline infrastructure. Will measure the exact amounts entering and exiting at each delivery point.
Shipper: Company that uses the pipeline to transport its gas. Holds a certain capacity in the pipeline.TSA (Transport Service Agreement) or GTA (Gas Transport Agreement): Shipper must sign to use the pipeline. Shipper obtains the right to inject gas and certain points and have gas redelivered at defined exit points.Nomination: Shipper nominates the amount of gas it intends to deliver and receive at delivery points. May be provided each hour during the day, referred at hourly nomination.[pic 2]Gas day / Gas year: Different from calendar day/ year.Pipeline Dispatching: Term used for handling, availability, forecasting, nomination, capacity, inventory and actuals in pipeline transmission and storage systems.[pic 3]Nomination Procedure: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is used nowadays.Curtailment Handling: Reducing nomination in correct sequence and in accordance with TSA provisions.Cargo Transport:Cargo Vessel: Large ships containing petroleum products and transported by sea.Export Terminal: receives various products through pipelines and have storage to accumulate products received.Terminal Operator (TO): maintains complete account of products received and is responsible for scheduling liftings.Lifter: Owner of the petroleum products, arranges tankers for lifting at scheduled timings.Lifting Procedures: Set of documented rules. TO issues set of cargo documents.FOB(Free-on Board): lifters takes all responsibility once lifting is complete(mostly crude)DES(Destination Ex-Ship): LNG company will deliver at the destination(mostly LNG n LPG)Boil-off Gas: Vaporized gas during voyage, can be used as ship fuel. Must be accounted.Lifting accounts: after lifting, lifting account is updated with details like what is delivered, how much lifted, hats remaining.NOR (Notice of Readiness) & ETA: before sailing these notices are tendered. Timesheet or Port Log: documents the timings of various processes of Lifting. Service Agreement Types:Firm TSA: Shipper receives Guaranteed Transport Capacity. Most common.Interruptible TSA: Not guaranteed capacity. If some capacity is left TSO will assign this capacity, if requested, to the shipper.Backhaul TSA: When capacity is contracted in opposite direction of normal flow of pipeline.Daily Contract Quantity () or Maximum Daily Quantity (MDQ): Units of Energy sold per day. Capacity Types:[pic 4]Allocation Rules: