Genghis Khan
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The West has more than its share of outsized historical figures, from Alexander to Napoleon; Asian history can seem somewhat impoverished as a result.
JACK WEATHERFORD and JOHN MAN have found in Genghis Khan a hero to balance the historical record, either in pure machismo (JOHN MANreports a study showing that 16 million males in Eurasia share genetic material from a single progenitor of the 12th century), or in his effect on the technology, culture and geopolitics of the modern world.
JACK WEATHERFORD sees the Mongols as the precursors of modern economic globalization: “The Mongols displayed a devoutly and persistently internationalist zeal in their political, economic, and intellectual endeavors. They sought not merely to conquer the world but to institute a global order based on free trade, a single international law, and a universal alphabet.” These efforts included universal paper money, primary school education and a unified calendar.
The modern borders of China (most controversially, the inclusion of Tibet, the North, West and Mongolian areas) owe, it would appear, rather more to Genghis Khan and his descendants, than to any native Chinese dynasty. Mongol conquests in Central Asia and Persia broke the political and cultural dominance of Arab elites, allowing the flourishing of native dynasties. “Seemingly every aspect of European life — technology, warfare, clothing, commerce, food, art, literature, and music — changed during the Renaissance as a result of the Mongol influence.”
Even the exclamation “hurray” (says JACK WEATHERFORD) is derived from Mongolian.
Neither author glosses over the destruction wrought by the Mongols, nor Genghis Khans ruthlessness, although some of the worst tales and statistics seem to have been exaggerated and deliberately allowed to circulate: anti-Mongol propaganda served to terrify their opponents.
Genghis Khan himself comes across as a remarkable man, raised in abject poverty by a strong-willed mother, killing his half-brother, and rising to become not just a conqueror but also an able and farsighted administrator, certainly in comparison with either Alexander or Napoleon. As multinational empires go, the Mongol one lasted rather longer than most.
Of the two, Weatherfords is the better book, solidly researched and analytical as well as a rollicking good read. JOHN MAN is more interested in the man himself and his personal legacy, which leads him into a certain degree of speculation. JOHN MAN notes, however, the ironic reincarnation of Genghis as a Chinese emperor: Because Genghis Khan founded a Chinese dynasty, “looking at things from south of