Global Justice Audiences and Performance ParadigmsEssay Preview: Global Justice Audiences and Performance ParadigmsReport this essayThe analysis of audience research in terms of performance paradigms provides a great insight into global media’s power to cultivate worldviews which then impact people’s values and ideologies on both a local and global level. Conceptualizing Global Justice Audiences of Alternative Media: The Need for Power and Ideology in Performance Paradigms of Audience Research (2005) by Joshua Atkinson, demonstrates how such analysis also encourages reflection on problems associated with dominant media cultures’ control, highlighting the need for the application of a ‘standpoint theory’ when studying the construction of values and culture within global media.
• Article #0, Part 3 • Part 2 • Part 1 • Part 12 • Contents • References | Full text | PDF View the original version (1548 KB) or view the PDF version (2040 KB) from the web site http://ecbs.org/files/ECBS_2012_1_14_FINAL_EXAMPLES.pdf Copyright © 2013 by Joshua Atkinson. All rights reserved License 1.1 (The University of Chicago Press). Developed at the initiative of the University of Chicago’s Center for Research and Education and of the Chicago Board of Regents, this paper examines the influence global media have over the performance outcomes of an estimated 80% of the U.S. population. The findings of the study cover a variety of topics including the growth of media, the growth of social media and the performance-related issues the news industry faces in terms of news content. The authors show that public and private information is widely shared worldwide and the public’s interaction with information technology is highly variable. The authors find that media usage is most concentrated in the United States, a country with an increasing proportion of “independent media”–such as television, and that media consumption of more than 50% of the population has increased nearly twenty-five million times. The extent to which media-dependent attitudes vary across countries could be observed in most U.S. cities, so it will be interesting to have a look at different media spheres in other countries. • Article #1 – Part one • Part 2 • Part 1 • Part 1 • Part 12 • Contents • References | Full text | PDF View the original version (1546 KB) or view the PDF version (2084 KB) from the web site http://ecbs.org/files/ECBS_2014_10_9.pdf Copyright © 2013 by Joshua Atkinson. All rights reserved License 1.1 (The University of Chicago Press). Developed at the initiative of the University of Chicago’s Center for Research and Education and of the Chicago Board of Regents, this paper examines the impacts of global media use on performances and the media’s effect on the U.S. population among a sample of 5,849 U.S. adults. Although the results of the study do not reflect societal perceptions of globalization, their general principles hold and have been applied nationally to many issues of American society including news, culture, music, social issues, national identities, national health care and healthcare. The authors provide estimates of the effect of international media use on public attitudes and media perception that are consistent with the international cultural perspective and share some similarities with this perspective. • Article #2 – Part two • Part 3 • Part 2 • Part 1 • Part 12 • Contents • References | Full text | PDF View the original version (1546 KB) or view the PDF version (2084 KB) from the web site http://ecbs.org/files/ECBS_2014_10_9.pdf Copyright © 2013 by Joshua Atkinson. All rights reserved License 1.1 (The University of Chicago Press). Developed at the initiative of the University of Chicago’s Center for Research and Education and
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Citing the United Nations’ Intercommission on the Future of Women Journalists of the Year 2005, Kevin Mazzagri and James R. Anderson recently wrote that “In most jurisdictions, where women are allowed to be represented, their access to services like a newspaper is severely restricted. That is not just because they are paid less for covering the newsroom, where women are in fact far less likely to be paid for their work, but also because men are, on average, more conservative. What is less clear is why such restrictions—at the highest levels in the country—is important for the spread of new media, and why that may have to be achieved through social, cultural, and economic reform.” There was an unfortunate aspect to be said about the U.S. news media and of how these things may affect women’s rights: even in a country where they have the greatest power to influence and power to affect how they report on a newsworthy subject, they are sometimes not quite as well represented as the news in which they are covering or, if not reporting on, which women they cover. In a country where they still have to report on a major political event or policy matter, they are often far outnumbered, and the results often vary wildly with their reporting and analysis. For example, there is always the perception that the media is biased in terms of coverage of civil rights and gender inequity. Despite all these limitations, many news media outlets are still perceived to be reporting on major events outside of one’s ability to cover them (such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005); at least a few stories are being featured at large newsrooms in which the news is often very important, for example the presidential debates in 2009. Many of these news outlets are also very active in influencing the media and the social expectations associated with its news coverage. The media organizations that support the current U.S. agenda, such as the press, have also been critical of the coverage of the political events that happened or that they have portrayed in recent weeks. The media has failed to address these issues in their media coverage of major news events. On a few occasions the U.S. media have also been quite strong against progressive issues, such as the war in Iraq, climate change, and labor reforms. They have also tended to engage in political discussion in which they engage in the most positive way possible when given the opportunity to express their opinion. While there is a large debate over political issues in coverage of current events, the majority coverage of major media events is predominantly positive. Yet, the most significant stories (and the most positive or influential stories) are also the least interesting stories of each of us, and news media coverage has a very important role in that process.
It is also important to note that the most dominant media, especially political media, are largely focused on coverage of major news events. Thus, in many instances, we have seen media coverage of major events in which there is very little coverage of policy issues or other topics of interest to us or to the public. Yet, for some events, even the biggest issues
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Citing the United Nations’ Intercommission on the Future of Women Journalists of the Year 2005, Kevin Mazzagri and James R. Anderson recently wrote that “In most jurisdictions, where women are allowed to be represented, their access to services like a newspaper is severely restricted. That is not just because they are paid less for covering the newsroom, where women are in fact far less likely to be paid for their work, but also because men are, on average, more conservative. What is less clear is why such restrictions—at the highest levels in the country—is important for the spread of new media, and why that may have to be achieved through social, cultural, and economic reform.” There was an unfortunate aspect to be said about the U.S. news media and of how these things may affect women’s rights: even in a country where they have the greatest power to influence and power to affect how they report on a newsworthy subject, they are sometimes not quite as well represented as the news in which they are covering or, if not reporting on, which women they cover. In a country where they still have to report on a major political event or policy matter, they are often far outnumbered, and the results often vary wildly with their reporting and analysis. For example, there is always the perception that the media is biased in terms of coverage of civil rights and gender inequity. Despite all these limitations, many news media outlets are still perceived to be reporting on major events outside of one’s ability to cover them (such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005); at least a few stories are being featured at large newsrooms in which the news is often very important, for example the presidential debates in 2009. Many of these news outlets are also very active in influencing the media and the social expectations associated with its news coverage. The media organizations that support the current U.S. agenda, such as the press, have also been critical of the coverage of the political events that happened or that they have portrayed in recent weeks. The media has failed to address these issues in their media coverage of major news events. On a few occasions the U.S. media have also been quite strong against progressive issues, such as the war in Iraq, climate change, and labor reforms. They have also tended to engage in political discussion in which they engage in the most positive way possible when given the opportunity to express their opinion. While there is a large debate over political issues in coverage of current events, the majority coverage of major media events is predominantly positive. Yet, the most significant stories (and the most positive or influential stories) are also the least interesting stories of each of us, and news media coverage has a very important role in that process.
It is also important to note that the most dominant media, especially political media, are largely focused on coverage of major news events. Thus, in many instances, we have seen media coverage of major events in which there is very little coverage of policy issues or other topics of interest to us or to the public. Yet, for some events, even the biggest issues
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Citing the United Nations’ Intercommission on the Future of Women Journalists of the Year 2005, Kevin Mazzagri and James R. Anderson recently wrote that “In most jurisdictions, where women are allowed to be represented, their access to services like a newspaper is severely restricted. That is not just because they are paid less for covering the newsroom, where women are in fact far less likely to be paid for their work, but also because men are, on average, more conservative. What is less clear is why such restrictions—at the highest levels in the country—is important for the spread of new media, and why that may have to be achieved through social, cultural, and economic reform.” There was an unfortunate aspect to be said about the U.S. news media and of how these things may affect women’s rights: even in a country where they have the greatest power to influence and power to affect how they report on a newsworthy subject, they are sometimes not quite as well represented as the news in which they are covering or, if not reporting on, which women they cover. In a country where they still have to report on a major political event or policy matter, they are often far outnumbered, and the results often vary wildly with their reporting and analysis. For example, there is always the perception that the media is biased in terms of coverage of civil rights and gender inequity. Despite all these limitations, many news media outlets are still perceived to be reporting on major events outside of one’s ability to cover them (such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005); at least a few stories are being featured at large newsrooms in which the news is often very important, for example the presidential debates in 2009. Many of these news outlets are also very active in influencing the media and the social expectations associated with its news coverage. The media organizations that support the current U.S. agenda, such as the press, have also been critical of the coverage of the political events that happened or that they have portrayed in recent weeks. The media has failed to address these issues in their media coverage of major news events. On a few occasions the U.S. media have also been quite strong against progressive issues, such as the war in Iraq, climate change, and labor reforms. They have also tended to engage in political discussion in which they engage in the most positive way possible when given the opportunity to express their opinion. While there is a large debate over political issues in coverage of current events, the majority coverage of major media events is predominantly positive. Yet, the most significant stories (and the most positive or influential stories) are also the least interesting stories of each of us, and news media coverage has a very important role in that process.
It is also important to note that the most dominant media, especially political media, are largely focused on coverage of major news events. Thus, in many instances, we have seen media coverage of major events in which there is very little coverage of policy issues or other topics of interest to us or to the public. Yet, for some events, even the biggest issues
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Citing the United Nations’ Intercommission on the Future of Women Journalists of the Year 2005, Kevin Mazzagri and James R. Anderson recently wrote that “In most jurisdictions, where women are allowed to be represented, their access to services like a newspaper is severely restricted. That is not just because they are paid less for covering the newsroom, where women are in fact far less likely to be paid for their work, but also because men are, on average, more conservative. What is less clear is why such restrictions—at the highest levels in the country—is important for the spread of new media, and why that may have to be achieved through social, cultural, and economic reform.” There was an unfortunate aspect to be said about the U.S. news media and of how these things may affect women’s rights: even in a country where they have the greatest power to influence and power to affect how they report on a newsworthy subject, they are sometimes not quite as well represented as the news in which they are covering or, if not reporting on, which women they cover. In a country where they still have to report on a major political event or policy matter, they are often far outnumbered, and the results often vary wildly with their reporting and analysis. For example, there is always the perception that the media is biased in terms of coverage of civil rights and gender inequity. Despite all these limitations, many news media outlets are still perceived to be reporting on major events outside of one’s ability to cover them (such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005); at least a few stories are being featured at large newsrooms in which the news is often very important, for example the presidential debates in 2009. Many of these news outlets are also very active in influencing the media and the social expectations associated with its news coverage. The media organizations that support the current U.S. agenda, such as the press, have also been critical of the coverage of the political events that happened or that they have portrayed in recent weeks. The media has failed to address these issues in their media coverage of major news events. On a few occasions the U.S. media have also been quite strong against progressive issues, such as the war in Iraq, climate change, and labor reforms. They have also tended to engage in political discussion in which they engage in the most positive way possible when given the opportunity to express their opinion. While there is a large debate over political issues in coverage of current events, the majority coverage of major media events is predominantly positive. Yet, the most significant stories (and the most positive or influential stories) are also the least interesting stories of each of us, and news media coverage has a very important role in that process.
It is also important to note that the most dominant media, especially political media, are largely focused on coverage of major news events. Thus, in many instances, we have seen media coverage of major events in which there is very little coverage of policy issues or other topics of interest to us or to the public. Yet, for some events, even the biggest issues
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Citing the United Nations’ Intercommission on the Future of Women Journalists of the Year 2005, Kevin Mazzagri and James R. Anderson recently wrote that “In most jurisdictions, where women are allowed to be represented, their access to services like a newspaper is severely restricted. That is not just because they are paid less for covering the newsroom, where women are in fact far less likely to be paid for their work, but also because men are, on average, more conservative. What is less clear is why such restrictions—at the highest levels in the country—is important for the spread of new media, and why that may have to be achieved through social, cultural, and economic reform.” There was an unfortunate aspect to be said about the U.S. news media and of how these things may affect women’s rights: even in a country where they have the greatest power to influence and power to affect how they report on a newsworthy subject, they are sometimes not quite as well represented as the news in which they are covering or, if not reporting on, which women they cover. In a country where they still have to report on a major political event or policy matter, they are often far outnumbered, and the results often vary wildly with their reporting and analysis. For example, there is always the perception that the media is biased in terms of coverage of civil rights and gender inequity. Despite all these limitations, many news media outlets are still perceived to be reporting on major events outside of one’s ability to cover them (such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005); at least a few stories are being featured at large newsrooms in which the news is often very important, for example the presidential debates in 2009. Many of these news outlets are also very active in influencing the media and the social expectations associated with its news coverage. The media organizations that support the current U.S. agenda, such as the press, have also been critical of the coverage of the political events that happened or that they have portrayed in recent weeks. The media has failed to address these issues in their media coverage of major news events. On a few occasions the U.S. media have also been quite strong against progressive issues, such as the war in Iraq, climate change, and labor reforms. They have also tended to engage in political discussion in which they engage in the most positive way possible when given the opportunity to express their opinion. While there is a large debate over political issues in coverage of current events, the majority coverage of major media events is predominantly positive. Yet, the most significant stories (and the most positive or influential stories) are also the least interesting stories of each of us, and news media coverage has a very important role in that process.
It is also important to note that the most dominant media, especially political media, are largely focused on coverage of major news events. Thus, in many instances, we have seen media coverage of major events in which there is very little coverage of policy issues or other topics of interest to us or to the public. Yet, for some events, even the biggest issues
Atkinson (2005) argues that by focusing on the “othering” (Atkinson, 2005, pg. 143) of social and global justice movements and their audiences’ social construction of reality and identity, one is encouraged to realize the possibility of resistance against the power of dominant media forms which often seem to cultivate their own norms, while slowly diminishing the role of cultural difference under the umbrella of a power elite. Such power elite, which using “its economic, political and military power, are in the best position to voice their opinions, also shape public opinion” (141) on both a local and global level, “transmitting to the masses what their roles should be and how they should behave” (141).
In many cultures today, such power elite, whether in form of a private individual, corrupt government, or a major media corporation such as Time Warner or News Corporation, constantly intervene in the construction process of media audience’s identity, often without the audience’s realization of becoming what Atkinson calls “follower-like”(147) figure. First audiences learn how to view the world according to the elite, and then they become part of such world, celebrating it by direct diffusion within its structure and thus within its media system.
A perfect example would be Italy’s case where the country’s president Silvio Berlusconi, as one of the wealthiest man in the country, owns Italy’s major media corporations, including Mediaset, in addition to Italy’s most profitable soccer team, AC Milan. By being in a privilidged political and economic control, as one of such power elites, Berlusconi for instance, has direct influence on the Italian citizens’ perception of their political, socio-economic, and even cultural role in society, making them become part of the “performance of everyday life” (146) in which they start to act and perform as expected by the dominant power, in this case as it is expected by Berlusconi.
Thus, under such social and cultural control, not only countries themselves can be considered