French Revoluyion Origins
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Modern Western Civilization
Class 10: The French Revolution – Origins
I. Introduction
So far we have looked at people and ideas, at social history and intellectual history. Not at what a lot of you might have expected as history, but we are looking at how the modern world came about in all its complexity.
Now however, we are going to look at the series of events which make up the French Revolution. Today we are going to look at causes and origins, at how previous intellectual, social and political elements all contributed to it.
Importance of the French Revolution
It brought the People to the forefront of politics
set the model for later revolutions, and
changed the political map of Europe forever.
Chronology – Sketch of Events
1788-89 French State undergoes a massive revolution in politics but also in society and the way people think. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 was the catalyst for the Revolution.
1789-1792 – Liberal Revolution
1792-1794 – Radicalization
1795-1799 – Ineffective Reaction
1799-1815 – Napoleon – did he destroy or establish the FR?
Causes of the French Revolution
Intellectual
Social
Political
II. Intellectual Causes
A. Liberalism
[See classes on Enlightenment!]
The Enlightenment: scientific and philosophical thought had been generalized in the 18th Century. There was now a much larger intellectual class with the political ideas that the Enlightenment had spread around Europe.
What was later called Liberalism was popular.
Liberty – Human Rights/Natural Rights.
The sovereignty of the people.
Equality – meant equal rights for all under the Law.
Liberals also wanted freedom from a state-controlled economy. Property was seen as sacred. These were middle class property owners by and large.
B. Assessment of Intellectual Causes
Intellectual causes are difficult to quantify in terms of their effects, but they are nonetheless important in effecting actions and ideologies of participants.
After Montesquieu, a republic as regarded as at least theoretically noble and possible.
Rousseau had an effect during the long but, as we shall see, most of the unrolling of the Revolution came in response to events; actual actions were often intensely pragmatic.
C. The American Revolution
The economic effects will be discussed later. Be aware here of the mythic effects of a free republic.
France had helped Americans vs. Britain and many Frenchmen, such as LaFayette, were to be important in both revolutions. Victory for the new USA was in 1783.
III. Social Causes
We have very good sources for the social problems before the Revolution: the Cahiers des doleances [Notebooks of Grievences] of 1788.
A. The Estates System
First Estate: The Clergy
1% of pop, with 10% of land.They had wealth, land, privileges and they levied a tax on the peasantry, the tithe, which generally went to some remote bishop or monastery rather than the local parish priest.
The First Estate was perhaps 100,000 strong. But note that there were many poor clergymen in this Estate, and they were going to support the Revolution.
Second Estate: The Nobility
2-5% of pop, with 20% of the land. They also had great wealth and taxed the peasantry: There was a “feudal” resurgence in 18th century.
400,000 people.
The great division among the Nobility was between the Noblesse depee, dating from the Middle Ages, and the Noblesse de Robe: later nobles whose titles came from their possession of public offices.
Third Estate: Everyone Else
95-97% of the pop.
There were some few rich members, the artisans and all the peasantry. These were also class divisions.
In the modern world we only consider the Third Estate. Its Victory has been total.
B. Subdivisions of the Third Estate
The Bourgeoisie
8% of the pop, about 2.3 Million people, with 20% of Land. They often bought land and exploited the peasants on it. In Third Estate, the most important group politically was the Bourgeoisie. The Bourgeoisie had been growing throughout the century, to some extent encouraged by the monarchy. By 1788 it was very important and its members were well read, educated and rich (fivefold increase in trade 1713 -1789). But this important group had no say in running the country.
The Peasants
with 40% of the land, formed the vast majority of population. There was population growth in this period: perhaps 3,000,000 people added over the century. Peasants paid the most tax: aristocrats did not pay. Peasants alone paid the taille. They alone had to give labor service to the State. They also had to pay the tithe, in kind, to the clergy.
As well as these taxes, peasants had to give services to their Landlords: this is sometimes called `feudal service.