Gps and Gis in Military
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Table of Contents
Global Positioning Systems
GPS works like this:
Technical Description
Applications of Global Positioning Systems
GPS Military Perspective
Facility Management
ÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK.6
TrackingÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK6
Bomb Missile GuidanceÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK7
GPS for GIS
Geographic Information Systems
What is a GIS?
How does a GIS work?
Data capture
Data integration .
Data modeling.
GIS Military Perspective
Defense Estate ManagementÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK13
TerrainÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK.13 EvaluationÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK…………..14
Naval operationÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK..14
Air operationsÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽKÐŽK.15
Acknowledgements
I am especially grateful to our instructor Mr. Theuri, for providing a basis in which we could research and write our paper. IÐŽ¦m also grateful to the following who tested this work as it was being written. Their comments and suggestions have been invaluable:
Elkanah Walela
Abigael Irangi
Sheila Khayanga
Lenah Ashibende
We thank LF Courier who supervised the printing and binding of this text. Barbara Khakasa designed the imaginative artwork on the cover page, together with the line drawings.
Finally I would like to thank my own fellow students, for whom and with whom the text was presented to. Their candid evaluation of our work, and their refusal to accept anything less than perfect clarity in explanation have been driving forces behind the creation of my topic, GPS & GIS Military Perspective.
Global Positioning Systems
The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 24 well-spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 1 to 100 meters depending on the type of equipment used. The GPS is owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, but is available for general use around the world.
GPS works like this:
24 GPS satellites, 21 active, 3 spare are in orbit at 20,200 kilometers above the Earth. The satellites are spaced so that from any point on Earth, at least four satellites will be above the horizon
Each satellite contains a computer, an atomic clock, and a radio. With an understanding of its own orbit and the clock, the satellite continually broadcasts its changing position and time. Once a day, each satellite checks its own sense of time and position with a ground station and makes any minor correction
On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that calculates its own position by getting time signals from three of the four satellites, using a process called trilateration, which is similar to triangulation. The result is provided in the form of a geographic position, longitude and latitude for most receivers, within 100 meters
If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map, the position can be shown on the map
If a fourth satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can figure out the altitude as well as the geographic position
If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed and direction of travel and give you estimated times of arrival to specified destinations
Some specialized GPS receivers can also store data for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and map making.
Technical Description
Navigation Signals
GPS satellites broadcast three different types of data in the primary navigation signals. The first is the almanac which sends coarse time information with second precision along with status information about the satellites. The second is the ephemeris, which contains orbital information that allows the receiver to calculate the position of the satellite at any point in time.
The satellites also broadcast two forms of accurate clock information, the Coarse Acquisition code, or C/A, and the precise code, or P-code. The former is normally used for most civilian navigation. It consists of a 1,023 bit long pseudo-random code broadcast at 1.023 MHz, repeating every millisecond. Each satellite sends a distinct C/A code, which allows them to be identified. The P-code is a similar code broadcast at 10.23 MHz, but it repeats only once per week.
Calculating Positions
GPS allows receivers to accurately calculate their distance from the GPS satellites. The receivers do this by measuring the time delay between when the satellite sent the signal and the local time when the signal was received. This delay, multiplied by the speed of light, gives the distance to that satellite.