How Far Was the Period 1750 to 1900 an Age of Progress?
Essay Preview: How Far Was the Period 1750 to 1900 an Age of Progress?
Report this essay
From 1750 to 1900 there were some big changes which had an impact on every day life. Progress is defined as continuous improvement over a certain period of time. A revolution can be known as a big change. So a revolution, and then everything being at a standstill isnt progress. Furthermore you cannot improve over a period of time and have big hindrances in between; if any, hindrances can only be very minor. So the big question is how much consistent improvement was there from 1750 to 1900?
In 1700 there was an exponential growth in the population, food was scarce and more needed to be produced therefore agricultural needed change. The idea of ÐEnclosures was introduced which meant combining the little strips of land owned by various farmers and surrounding them with fences. Also animals were now unable to spread disease by wondering off to other farms and many people cashed in as more animals were surviving thus more meat, sheep fur etc. However, people in the vicinity lost their rights to cut timber from woodland and graze their animals so ultimately common land was off limits. Some people could not afford it either. Enclosures were only used if 80% of villagers agreed to do so (so the majority benefited) and considering that open fields were abolished after 50 years, it was overall, much more productive and the statistics confirm this. New machinery was used to separate crops from stocks and fertilisers were being introduced, discovered and utilised in the newly introduced four field crop rotation. Hand labourers did lose jobs, but they now were able to move to factories, earn a better salary and work in better conditions The four field crop rotation an improvement of the three field crop rotation where rather than leaving part of the land fallow it would be used. Now all the land was being utilised and animals were grazing (also fertilising it with manure) on the (once fallow) land where crops were also being grown and this obviously meant more efficiency. Selective breeding was a new concept used to beef up already money bringing animals so they produced more meat (once again more food), thus help people economically. Overall there was steady progression in agricultural and in the end everybody benefited.
Industry was relatively dull around the 1750s, not inefficient necessarily but certain things could have been improved to make things easier as well as more efficient. One of the main things introduced was intricate machinery which cut down the time consuming tasks drastically. The Flying Shuttle, invented in 1733, took the textile industry by storm, it was a machine which could speed up weaving and inevitably produce more cloth. This was improved many times over until finally in 1785 the Power Loom was made which utilised water and steam power. Weaving was then being made at a very good pace and produced consistent quality of cloth. In 1767 probably the most influential Spinning Jenny was made which could produce 8 times more yarn than done with hand and of very fine quality. Later on a water frame was made, but wasnt a big improvement on the Spinning Jenny. Finally the Spinning Mule was made in 1779 and could spin 48 spindles of cotton at a time and it produced very durable and fine yarn. In the end quite a lot of handloom weavers and spinners had lost their jobs however due to the introduction of “factories”, this problem was eradicated.
Factories were depicted as hateful, godforsaken places which were cruel however considering many only worked in them as last resort jobs, they were very good. Working condition were only exhibited in the harshest factories and told a very negative story about them. A prime example is George Cruickshank who portrays factories as very cruel, violent towards children through a cartoon. Baring in mind there were very little working rules and regulations at the time, the mill owners were very generous. It is fair criticism that women and children were treated badly but the evidence was not very accurate as most of the sources taken reflect on factories in the worst way possible, sometimes people being interviewed only talked about their bad experiences. Mill owners would clothe, feed and house their employees which was a very big bonus for them. Overlookers hired also made sure that the hardest working people received more money than one who was lazy. Sometimes it was understandably very unfair as children and women were being beaten by onlookers for no apparent reason, sometimes so badly that they ended up crippled. Also onlookers were doing their jobs poorly as many children got injured using the machinery because of poor supervision and instructions on how to use the machinery. Furthermore working hours were unreasonable as children were forced to work 13 hours with a half an hour break. The issues were addressed by a Parliament, by more specifically The Royal Commissions to improve working conditions. Working hours were made more flexible, longer breaks, less working time and children were forced (in a good way) to live a reasonable life, benefits such as education, supervision and healthcare were introduced. Even though there were some setbacks, but in the end most of the problems were solved. Overall it progressed nicely as it went from bad to better.
There was one notable case of deliberate regression around 1810 which was caused by people known as the Luddites and the Swing Rioters. The Luddites were industrial workers who destroyed machinery as it was threatening their jobs. The machinery took away the skills needed for the textile industry, so skilled workers were now being paid less. The Swing Rioters were agricultural workers and ran riot to improve their standard of living, they destroyed agricultural machinery. Poor harvest meant that bread prices were going up and wages were low and there was widespread unemployment. Agricultural labourers had ideas which could be efficient and reduce the problem however they could not vote and put pressure on the government. The government took harsh action (but needed action) and eventually the Luddites and Swing Rioters were no more. In the end the Swing Rioters did manage to achieve a few of their goals which could also be considered as progression and on some levels the government increased there awareness about ongoing issues. There was ultimately slight regression.
Transport in Britain was one of the aspects of Britain that was adapted greatly. Railways were one of the concepts which held great potential, but at the time they were used quite primitively for horses pulling wagons. This changed in 1830 when there was a competition for the best steam locomotive was going to be used on a railway track from Liverpool to Manchester. 10 locomotives were entered but only 3 were really in the competition. Eventually THE ROCKET invented by Mr Robert