The Mayas
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The Mayas
In the YucatДЎn peninsula between A.D 300 and 900 a civilization, former known as the Mayas, built an empire, astonishing still today. It wasnt until our present time that archaeologist discovered this ancient culture in the forests where the mayas finally abandoned their homes. Why the Mayan civilization declined is still a mystery but as with all mysteries there are a lots of theories.
Popol Vuh
The Popol Vuh is the creation story of the Maya. Below is one part of this story that recounts the first attempts of the creator, Heart of Sky to make humans. The story goes on to explain that the final attempt, that resulted in the “True people” was accomplished by constructing people with maize. This is a very reasonable explanation since, in essence, it was the cultivation of maize that gave the early Maya culture the means to change from hunters gatherers to their highly advanced civilization.
The Creation
Here is the story of the beginning, when there was not one bird, not one fish, not one mountain. Here is the sky, all-alone. Here is the sea, all-alone. There is nothing more Ð-no sound, no movement. Only the sky and the sea. Only Heart-of-Sky, alone. And these are his names: Maker and Modeler, Kukulkan, and Hurricane. But there is no one to speak his names. There is no one to praise his glory. There is no one to nurture his greatness. And so Heart-of-Sky thinks, “Who is there to speak my name?
Who is there to praise me? How shall I make it dawn?” Heart-of-Sky only says the word, “Earth,” and the earth rises, like a mist from the sea. He only thinks of it, and there it is. He thinks of mountains, and great mountains come. He thinks of trees, and trees grow on the land. And so Heart-of-Sky says, “Our work is going well.” Now Heart-of-Sky plans the creatures of the forest -birds, deer, jaguars and snakes. And each is given his home. “You the deer, sleep here along the rivers. You the birds, your nests are in the trees. Multiply and scatter,” he tells them. Then Heart-of-Sky says to the animals, “Speak, pray to us.”
But the creatures can only squawk. The creatures only howl.
They do not speak like humans. They do not praise Heart-of-Sky and so the animals are humbled. They will serve those who will worship Heart-of-Sky. And Heart-of-Sky tries again. Tries to make a giver of respect. Tries to make a giver of praise. Here is the new creation, made of mud and earth. It doesnÐÒt look very good. It keeps crumbing and softening. It looks lopsided and twisted. It only speaks nonsense. It cannot multiply.
So Heart-of-Sky lets it dissolved away. Now Heart-of-Sky plans again.
Our Grandfather and Our Grandmother are summoned. They are the wisest spirits. “Determine if we should carve people from wood,” commands Heart-of-Sky. They run their hands over the kernels of corn. They run their hands over the coral seeds. “What can we make that will speak and pray? asks Our Grandfather. What can we make that will nurture and provide?” asks Our Grandmother. They count the days, the lots of four, seeking an answer for Heart-of-Sky. Now they give the answer, “It is good to make your people with wood. They will speak your name.
They will walk about and multiply.” “So it is,” replies Heart-of-Sky. And as the words are spoken, it is done. The doll-people are made with faces carved from wood. But they have no blood, no sweat. They have nothing in their minds. They have no respect for Heart-of-Sky. They are just walking about, but they accomplish nothing. “This is not what I had in mind,” says Heart-of-Sky. And so it is decided to destroy these wooden people. Hurricane makes a great rain. It rains all day and rains all night.
There is a terrible flood and the earth is blackened. The creatures of the forest come into the homes of the doll-people. “You have chased us from our homes so now we will take yours,” they growl. And their dogs and turkeys cry out, “You have abused us so now we shall eat you!”
Even their pots and grinding stones speak, “We will burn you and pound on you just as you have done to us!” The wooden people scatter into the forest. Their faces are crushed, and they are turned into monkeys.
And this is why monkeys look like humans. They are what are left of what came before, an experiment in human design.
The Olmecs, a historical background
To begin with, as the mayas, I would like to give a background to the history through
the Olmec history. Archaeologist of today doesnt know very much about the Olmecs less than that it was the first American civilization. They emerged in the tropical forests along the Mexican Gulf Coast and lasted from about 1400 B.C. to 500 B.C. The remainings of rich tombs and temples suggest that they had a powerful class of priests and aristocrats. The important part, later connected to the Mayas, was that the Olmecs didnt build any true cities. Instead the built ceremonial centers made of pyramid-shaped temples and other religious buildings. People came from farming-villages nearby to attend in religious ceremonies. The Olmecs spread their influence through
trade over a wide area. The most important part that the mayas later adapted was their leadership of priests.
The Mayan Empire
When so the Mayan empire evolved it did it through
religious beliefs. Since the people in those times, as today, depended on their harvest or food in generally, they where quite happy when they got it. This happiness the devoted to the sun itself and therefore it isnt so hard to understand why many early civilizations worshipped the sun god. As a connection to the Olmecs the Mayas also built pyramids where they performed religious scenes. The difference was that the Mayas built large cities, each ruled by their own chief. Nobles who served as military leaders and officials who managed public works, collected taxes and enforced laws surrounded the chief. Most chiefs where men but records and carvings show that occasionally women governed on their own or in the name of their young sons.
The main principle to created a civilization that is ruled or governed in any way, are the large amount of harvest that allows some to do something that doesnt have with farming itself to do. Of course