Anorexia Nervosa as a Life Threatening Disorder
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Anorexia Nervosa As a Life-Threatening Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa is a disease that should not be handled lightly. While in our nation, it is not as publicized as other diseases such as cancer or heart disease, it does take lives everyday due to people having a distorted self-image. Many people in the medicinal field have come to various conclusions about the cause of anorexia and its effects on a person physiologically and psychologically. Some argue that it is strictly a socio-cultural influence that causes the onset of the disease, while others debate a biological influence. While I do not discredit any of this information, I strongly believe that it is a combination of many things that cause a person, particularly teenage girls to acquire an eating disorder.
In order to get a full understanding of how an eating disorder can be damaging to the human body, a definition of the disorder needs to be clarified. Anorexia Nervosa, is classified as an eating disorder according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Anorexia can coexist with Bulimia Nervosa, and according to the APA, there are two types of anorexia; a restricting type which is strictly a refusal to maintain body weight and does not include binging and purging, and the second type is binge eating/purging type where bulimia is included as well (APA, 2000).
Anorexia is defined as an “eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight” (Whitney, 310). An means without (Whitney, 310). Bulimia Nervosa on the other hand is described as “an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise” (Whitney, 310). Anorexia affects five million people in the United States, the majority of them being girls and young women (Whitney, 310). While many sources claim that anorexia is caused by one reason or another, this book agrees that the causes are multi-faceted and include socio-cultural, psychological and possibly neuro-chemical factors (Whitney, 310). According to a study by KS Kendler from Richmond, Virginia, risk factors for anorexia include being born after 1960, low parental care, a history of dieting, weight fluctuation or excessive exercise, low self-esteem, slim ideal body image and an external locus of control (Kendler, 1628). Being born after 1960 is extremely trivial considering eating disorders are a relatively recent phenomena. History does not give any explanation to why one would develop an eating disorder because in ancient Greek and Roman cultures, having curves was a sign of wealth and beauty ( Bruch, 245).
There is strong evidence to suggest that the onset of anorexia can occur chemically in the brain. S. Grinspoon who does research at the Massachusetts General Hospital did research to determine if septum leptin levels in the brain were lower in subjects who had been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Septum leptin is a protein in the brain that is responsible for regulating body behaviors through neuroendocrine processes (Grinspoon, 1996). For each patient weight, age, caloric intake, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage were all taken into account. It was proven through this study that there is a strong correlation between weight and septum leptin levels. They correlated mostly with BMI and body fat percentage with the values being .55 and .44 respectively (Grinspoon, 1996). While this information is clearly legitimate and does take into account the biological perspective in relation to anorexia, there are other factors that influence its onset as well. Influences from the media and significant people in ones life can trigger an eating disorder as well.
The fact that anorexia is a disease that does not have a cure or a drug that can be prescribed to cure it leads me to the conclusion that it is indeed a multi-faceted health problem. Along with a biological cause, there comes a socio-cultural one as well. It is nothing new that in American culture, being thin is more socially acceptable then being obese. Extreme thinness is advertised in this country everyday in various forms on a daily basis throughout ones life. A study done by Alison Field for the medical journal, Pediatrics highlights the influence of the media on girls from fifth grade to seniors. The research was based on a survey given to the girls that had questions about their body weight, problems they felt they would like to change with their bodies, how exposed they were to fashion magazines and whether or not they have ever attempted a diet due to exposure to the magazines (Field, 1999). The study found that sixty-nine percent of the girls reported that looking at females in fashion magazines had some kind of impact on the way they felt about their bodies and prompted them to want to change (Field, 1999). There was positive correlation between the frequency of reading fashion magazines and attempts to diet because of it (Field, 1999). Forty-seven percent of girls surveyed claimed that they want to lose weight because of their exposure to such images (Field, 1999).
Until recently, anorexia has been considered a western culture disorder. It has been thought that people in eastern cultures may be underweight but not for the reason of dissatisfaction, it is because they do not have access to food like most western societies do. In 1996, S. Lee wrote for the Department of Psychiatry at the Chinese University of Hong Kong that is not the case any longer. He claims that, “Instead, it may be conceived as being grounded in the transnational culture of modernity, characterized by an internationalized socio-economic stratum now found in many rapidly urbanizing parts of the world” (Lee, 21). Lee later goes on to say that cultures are searching for the pursuit of thinness (Lee, 21), which with daily magazines such as Time and US Weekly being published discussing the fact that Jessica Simpson gained 20 pounds and now weighs a shocking 125 pounds, of course girls in this country are looking to be thin, that is the standard of attractiveness in America.
While doctors tend to believe anorexia is either a environmental problem or a biological one, there are people who feel that it multifactoral such as myself. A group of researchers in the United Kingdom did a study on childhood anorexia, and how it can be onset in these crucial years of growth. Fifteen children and teenagers aged eight to sixteen who fulfilled the criteria for having anorexia were studied. All of them underwent cerebral radioisotope scans of their brain. Thirteen of the fifteen girls had unilateral temporal lobe hypoperfusion, eight of them on