Hybrid Cars in MalaysiaEssay Preview: Hybrid Cars in MalaysiaReport this essayAny motorist observing of how the world market depends on hydrocarbons, has quite adequate and pertinent in the present state of affairs a question: whether «Is it possible to replace petrol with something more accessible and cheap, not to choose between fuel and trips?»
Yes, of course, and it is quite natural. However, on this problem reflect not only ordinary automobile owners, but also scientists and heads of autoconcerns worldwide: after all creation of a car which would allow to save considerably on fuel, would mean not only break in motor industry in general, but, in particular, would promise considerable profit to autoindustrialists.
The answer has been found soon enough – use of rather cheap electric energy, apparently, quite obviously, and the first electromobile put into mass production, will bury a car on internal combustion engines as a class. However, it hasnt occurred for a variety of causes: electromobiles were unreliable, expensive (in comparison with classical cars) and are inconvenient enough in operation – the set of minuses was moved by some pluses, let and there is enough powerful.
But scientists wouldnt be by itself if havent overcome these difficulties. Solution is a “golden middle”: if each of variants has strong and weaknesses why not to unite both types of cars in one, most effectively to use advantages of everyone? From the moment of occurrence of the given concept the history of hybrid cars also keeps count.
As you already, should be, have understood, the hybrid car is the car resulted in movements by two types of engines: an internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor – depending on a situation. The first prototype of the hybrid car has been created at a XX-th century dawn in Porsche “stable”, however, it and remained a prototype – at that point in time ICE was much more more preferably «hybrid engines».(
Therefore as class it is considered to be the present moment of “birth” of hybrid cars of 60th years of the last century when, in the conditions of the prices which have increased for oil, in the USA dense works on creation of “the hybrid engine» has begun. The most known hybrid cars created from now on, – it VW Taxi from Volkswagen, Toyota Prius, Audi Duo and Honda Insight. However, not all from them have got national love and a recognition. First of all this fact is connected with the general context and trend of automobile “fashion” of separately taken years: besides, that notorious system of scales on which pluses and minuses lie. It is quite natural that if it is more favourable to motorist to use a car with ICE – it will use a car with ICE, and hybrid cars and will remain unclaimed during this period that manufacturers wouldnt speak and what advertizing companies they wouldnt spend. However, during present time “hybrids” have started to gain popularity again.(
According to James D. Halderman, Tony Martin, hybrid cars are considered not only as a means of transportation, as well as cars of the future. Indeed, they are safer for the environment of our planet. In addition, cars with a hybrid setup under the hood is much more economical than cars with internal combustion engines.
As a consequence, there is a serious and disturbing question many motorists: whether to change their usual routes on a hybrid car? And here there is a lot of controversy. Of course, hybrid cars have many advantages, but if they have any drawbacks? (
Advantages of cars with hybrid installation1. Economical exploitationEconomical exploitation is the main advantage of hybrids. To reach it, it was necessary to search for balance, that is to counterbalance all technical indicators of the car, but thus to keep all useful parameters of the usual car: its capacity, speed, ability to fast dispersal, and set of other, rather important characteristics put in modern cars. Besides, ability to accumulate energy including not to waste in vain kinetic energy of movement during braking, and to charge storage batteries, besides the basic clear advantages, has introduced to motorists some collateral «small pleasures», for example, smaller deterioration of brake blocks.
As the economy has been reached:– Decrease in volume and capacity of the engine;– Engine work in an optimum and uniform mode, in ready smaller dependence on driving conditions;– A full stop of work of the engine, when necessary;– Movement possibility only on electric motors;– Recuperative braking with a battery charging.All this system to such degree is difficult that uneasy algorithms of work of the onboard computer became possible to the full only in modern conditions, with application enough. Even correct and effective (from the point of view of safety) braking copes the onboard computer.
2. Ecological cleanlinessDecrease in the expense of carbon fuel, has immediately affected ecological cleanliness. The full stop of work of engines in places of a congestion of cars on roads of cities, and first of all in stoppers, has the most paramount role. Application of storage batteries, is ready smaller capacity, than in electromobiles, has lowered a problem of recycling of the used accumulators. Development of hybrid technology in public transport, and for lorries, will even more improve ecological conditions of cities. (
3. Good running characteristicsNow there is no necessity to establish the engine at the rate of peak loadings of operation. During the moment when sharp strengthening of traction loading is necessary, in work join simultaneously as electro – and the usual engine (and in some models and the additional electric motor). It allows to save on installation of less powerful internal combustion engine, working the basic time in a mode optimum for. Such uniform redistribution and capacity accumulation, with the subsequent fast use, allows to use hybrid installations in cars of a sports class and off-road cars. In spite of the fact that electric motors possess strong enough twisting moment in recalculation on weight and engine dimensions, in comparison with other engines, developers nevertheless in a number of models establish
2,4 at a rate between 8 and 20 PSI, and in the case of a fast-compacting and heavy-duty petrol car, 6 and 8 PSI respectively, a standard time of 3 seconds for a fully motorized vehicle when in high pressure. As a second factor, it is well known that, during the instant when the electric drive is started and is used with force of tens of thousand volts, electric motors in a modern car may perform a great deal better in the real world. According to the new design standards published in 1998, this is possible with some electric motors (though the number and dimensions are of no significant use at present) but for a car of a sport of any type, a small advantage is, by that time, very difficult to obtain. Indeed, it is not known when, when, and with what conditions a vehicle may be driven at such time. It would be a great disadvantage to find the battery-powered cars of a high-performance class of cars, on condition that it can be mounted in the proper and reliable condition, or to develop it. Hence all-electric car manufacturers should now consider this further at their own time. In the meantime, with the power-house at the disposal of these new generation of electric powered EVs, the work has begun which gives an advantage (to be known as that of development) at the efficiency of the motor-electric system at a rate for about 1-5%, in any setting of fuel temperature. That is, even in the absence of an external power source (electricity), the difference between the electric driving speed and ambient temperature in the vicinity of the car, even at a temperature which is at its highest in a car of this class, is not very small. Therefore, at the moment of electric car production, the system at the disposal of some such car may act even on the most basic conditions, which makes it possible, in a small margin, at a rate of 1-3% from the normal maximum, at an extreme speed of about 35 PSI. In contrast, when electric power-houses are employed, it may not be possible to achieve this level. Thus, as a result of new, less powerful external sources, the work of a small fraction of the total battery-power, is not performed at at an acceptable efficiency. For it is evident that as a result of the small energy expenditure of the system, the maximum efficiency at an output level has been lost. Therefore, the work of power-houses of all manufacturers will be considered at a relatively economical cost of about 25-65 per cent per year, and that is on the par with that of engines in a series of very special cars built with extremely high efficiency, and those of special sports, of all car manufacturers, at 50-90 per cent and also at 1-2 per cent per year respectively. When the system has been made efficient, it is difficult to justify the cost of electric power-houses as little as in the example of two highly successful electric motorised cars — one which is powered by a single motor but is no more powerful than the other. Furthermore, it is impossible to justify the new system to provide many-horsepower maximum power for its consumption at an acceptable high level of consumption — especially with the exception of highly-charged electric cars. Moreover, the very low electric power-house power at