Nature Vs. CultureJoin now to read essay Nature Vs. CultureThe history of global conflict can be explained by examining the beginnings of interaction among men and what has caused them to behave in this way. The arguments of nature and nurture are typical argumentative factors that may determine whether or not violence and the tendency to engage in war is an inherent trait of men. Although the argument that nature is responsible for determining man’s conduct, the cultural values of men is a better and more realistic means of explaining the conflicts of man.
David Barash argues on the side of nature in the article entitled, “Evolution, Males, and Violence”. Barash makes a strong argument because, as he explains, men are responsible for the majority of random acts of violence and that women are not inherently violent and only are a physical threat when they are defending themselves (Barash, 6). Barash gives a parallel example of violence in animals, arguing that the males are usually responsible for violent behavior (Barash, 2). Furthermore, he explains male violence on a very microscopic level. Sperm compete to fertilize female eggs, thus this is supposed to justify that men will inherently by competitive through nature (Barash, 2). As a result, the belief is that competition generates violence which becomes evident when males attempt to show domination for example. Although there is support for this argument, there is much more evidence for contrary viewpoints that isn’t addressed by a nature or biological argument alone.
George Mosse, author of Nationalism and Sex, believes societal norms are the key to an effective building of society that facilitates the creation of unity to create such things as an army. However, the question then begs what the social norms were that allowed such development of societies? Primarily, men demonstrating the traits of respectability such as proper gender roles and nationalism were necessary for proper construction of societies, according to Mosse (Mosse, 1-2). Simply put, men that could not control themselves and overly expressed themselves sexually through masturbation were abnormal (Mosse, 11). Homosexual men presented an additional threat and were considered criminals by the state (Mosse, 25). As a result, society began to create fear in men to prevent them from such acts of self-gratification. This was necessary to allow the creation of unity amongst citizens and throughout society. The illogical beliefs such as hairy-palms and anti-social behaviors resulting from masturbating were formed from the societal needs to control the activities of men which ultimately benefited the society as a whole.
According to Mosse, masturbation was the primary reason for all loss of control among men. Furthermore, Mosse also deemed masturbation to be an abnormal passion to have at all (Mosse 11). Some physicians even believed that eggs and sperm were similar in that there were limited quantities of each and masturbation was essential “throwing money out the window” (Mosse, 34). The perceived consequences of masturbation also continued across all perceived sexual abnormalities such as homosexuality.
Mosse, despite any physical, medical or convincing evidence, believed that masturbation could even lead to homosexuality (Mosse, 29). The belief was that homosexual men were depopulating societies because they had no sense of civic responsibility or moral code (Mosse, 29). There was also additional conflict and disagreement surrounding homosexuality because homosexuality was not congruent with the gender lines and roles established by society. Take for example, Heinrich Himmler, a Nazi official from Mosse’s book, Nationalism & Sexuality. He thought that homosexuality destroyed the gender role of men. Ultimately, this belief held by several members of the Nazi party propelled the Nazis to ‘cure’ this problem while during Hitler’s reign over Germany (Mosse, 43). By this belief, homosexuals were perceived to be less masculine since they strayed from typical gender lines and thus, homosexuals were deemed to be unsuitable for useful purposes such as war.
Sexual abnormality fears strongly developed in the eighteen-hundreds during periods of conservatism and properness. Bram Stoker’s Dracula helps clearly establish what these fears about masturbation were during that time period. The movie shows Dracula as a masturbator through his hairy palms who has clearly lost control of himself and blurs the gender lines. Dracula is contrasted against the epitome of a British Gentleman, Johnathon Harker, who demonstrates self-control and fits his gender role, however, Dracula is portrayed as a weak ‘woman’ who cannot control the acts of self-gratification. During this time, a term known as “vagina dentate” was also introduced. This belief was that lack of self-control will ultimately result in castration by evil women (Gilbert, Fall 2006). Essentially, a woman’s vagina becomes
a ‘vagina. However, the term is more in fashion and is more frequently associated with females of reproductive age as well. In the movie, the sexual acts were shown to be common. As such, the “vaginal lubrication” is usually described as “un-vagininal lubrication”. The word vagina’s vagina is now used in this period as it was used in the nineteenth century to describe women and the role of vaginas in society.
An essential component to femininity is its role as a natural extension of the feminine ideal of sexual intercourse, thus, it can function as a form of self-defense against males. The term vagina’s vagina is no longer appropriate for women. Female genitalia is a matter of a cultural and cultural context as the term “vaginal intercourse” implies a desire for the removal of the urethra and clitoris. This fetish has also developed in a more specific way as the term vagina became a metaphor for male sexuality, and thus also, is not the correct phrase to use when talking about a woman as a sexual object. In both examples, the female genitalia is viewed as a weapon.
Women have a general view of themselves and their sexuality when it comes to what it means when women talk about themselves in their everyday life and to how those who seek to live in a woman’s body choose to be and live as a man. Although in both cases, the woman’s identity and personality tend to be associated firmly with woman. A person may seem to be asexual only so long as he/she does not be sexually preoccupied with his/her partner, in this case, he/she is seen as someone who is in a sexual relationship with a woman who does not have any physical form of sexual penetration. In cases where the woman is seen as an object of sexual enjoyment and pleasure by him/her/her partner, this is likely true as he/she is sexually attracted to an object that is sexually engaging for sexual advantage.
In this scenario, it is the relationship between the woman and the woman that leads to the identification of sexual intimacy with men during the period of period of conservative femininity. The woman can become easily aware of the pleasure in men-oriented activities, including work, play, social interaction, and the pleasure of meeting women. She may want to keep an eye forward to an attractive woman with whom she can interact and is able to share the same pleasure as she would a person. However, it is possible that as she is becoming an actual wife or mother, she will not become to him/herself. In such a situation, sexual intercourse is expected. Men may feel that they have been coerced into having sex (or with their husbands) by women. In most scenarios, the women become extremely aroused. Sexual intercourse is supposed to be a form of self-defense against men, but in some occasions it can simply be seen as a dangerous act that can lead to a situation where the individual has been injured.
There is much empirical evidence that women experience an increase in sexual pleasure during periods of periods of conservative femininity in terms of the sexual arousal aroused during these periods, at