The Internet Dilemma
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Introduction
The importance of Internet is enormous and it is largely increasing. It connects people worldwide, and it provides possibilities that are impossible without it. This importance can be viewed in few aspects, most of all importance for the global economy. Considering this aspects it is of great value to make Internet accessible for all people. The difference in accessing the Internet between rich and poor countries, or the so called “digital divide” is stunningly large. Efforts to outcome these differences are made by many national and international organizations.
The most important participants are the United Nations and the European Union. In achieving this purpose many conferences have been organized by both entities. Most important of all is the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which was a series of conferences organized by UN, first held in Geneva, and second in Tunis. Further on in this project we will see that these entities are trying to make Internet accessible, but at end we will be wondering: “Is this maybe a fight for control over the Internet?” Looking through development of Internet we will try to answer this question.
I. History of Internet
“The Internet didnt just happen overnight – rather it was the end result of a search that had been in place since the late 1950s.
By the time the world started to get online in the mid 1990s, the Net had been almost 40 years in the making.”
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s that saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. The Internet began to evolve when packet-switching networks came into operation in the 1960s. When transmitted, data is broken up into small packets, sent to its destination and then reassembled. In this way a single signal can be sent to multiple users. Packets can be compressed for speed and encrypted for security.
Early packet-switching networks were set up in Europe. In 1968, a similar system was developed in the USA. The U.S. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. ARPA, also called ARPANET, used Network Control Protocol (NCP) as its transmission protocol from 1969 to 1982, when NCP was replaced with the now widespread TCP-IP (Transmission Control Protocol – Internet Protocol). With the technology in place, the question was what to do with it! A number of interconnected US military computers formed the first sizable Internet for defence use. E-mail developed through ARPANET as did the bulletin-board system, Usenet in the 1970s/80s. During this period all major universities in the USA were connected to the network. This was found to be the ideal method of sharing experimental and educational data. 1973 saw the first intercontinental connection when the University College of London, England, joined the Internet.
USENET contributed enormously to the Internets rapid expansion and is considered to have begun in 1979. Its spirit of information sharing and discussion was the hallmark of its system and was reflected in the Internet as a whole.
When personal computers were introduced in the late 1970s, a huge new and ever-expanding computer population was introduced to the Internet. E-mails were increasingly used, network discussions took place and in the 1980s, communities formed chat rooms.
In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one hundred thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations.
In 1991, the first really friendly interface to the Internet was developed at the University of Minnesota. The University wanted to develop a simple menu system to access files and information on campus through their local network. The demonstration system was called a gopher after the University of Minnesota mascot–the golden gopher. The gopher proved to be very prolific, and within a few years there were over 10,000 gophers around the world. It takes no knowledge of UNIX or computer architecture to use. In a gopher system, you type or click on a number to select the menu selection you want. Another significant event in making the nets easier to use was made by Tim Berners-Lee. He introduce of what we now call the World Wide Web. He saw the need for a standard linked information system which could be accessed by all the various types of computers in use. World Wide Web was based on hypertext–a system of embedding links in text to link to other text, which you have been using every time you selected a text link while reading these pages. Although started before gopher, it was slower to develop.
The commercialisation continues over the years and in 1996 Microsoft enters. Microsofts full scale entry into the browser, server, and Internet Service Provider market completed the major shift over to a commercially based Internet. The release of Windows 98 in June 1998 with the Microsoft browser well integrated into the desktop shows Bill Gates determination to capitalize on the enormous growth of the Internet.
A current trend with major implications for the future is the growth of high speed connections. 56K modems and the providers who supported them spread widely for a while, but this is the low end now. 56K is not fast enough to carry multimedia, such as sound and video except in low quality. But new technologies many times faster, such as cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSL) are predominant now. The next big growth area is the surge towards universal wireless access, where almost everywhere is a “hot spot”. Another