An Investigationin to the Effect of Ph on the Activity of Potato Tissue CatalaseEssay Preview: An Investigationin to the Effect of Ph on the Activity of Potato Tissue CatalaseReport this essayAn Investigation Into The Effect Of PH On The Activity Of Potato Tissue CatalaseAimThe aim of my investigation is to see how pH affects the activity of potato tissue catalase, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen.
Catalase + 2H2O2Catalase + 2H2O +O2Catalase + Hydrogen Peroxide Catalase + Water + OxygenIndependent VariableThe independent variable in this investigation is pH. Each individual enzyme has it’s own pH characteristic. This is because the hydrogen and ionic bonds between —NH2 and —COOH groups of the polypeptides that make up the enzyme, fix the exact arrangement of the active site of an enzyme. It is crucial to be aware of how even small changes in the pH of an enzyme can affect activity until the enzyme will eventually become denatured.
The enzyme which is going to be used in this practical is catalase. Catalse is a very common enzyme which is found in almost all living and root vegetables such as, Celeriac and Potatoes. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four porphyrin heme groups, which can explain why it suitable to catalyze hydrogen peroxide.
Dependant VariableThe dependant variable in my investigation is oxygen. There is a clear link between the independent and dependant variable. The enzyme catalase works at an optimum pH of 7. This means that the closer the pH is to 7, the faster oxygen will be produced. Also, as amount of substrate decreases, the rate at which the products are produced will also decrease. This is because there is a lot of substrate in the beginning of a reaction and therefore it is easier for the substrate to combine with the enzyme. But in time there will be more product than substrate which means it’s harder for the enzyme to combine with the substrate and as a result will take more time in combining with the substrate.
The enzyme is a protein that is responsible for the action of the oxygen in the molecules. Therefore, oxygen is present in the proteins. As a result, there are many known molecules that are active at temperatures that is closer to normal or in the range of 0 to 8, as determined from their chemical reactions. The enzymes are the major proteins of the whole body.
There are many different species on earth that perform various functions, which can include a wide variety of different functions as well as a multitude of different combinations. There are many species that are highly specialized for different tasks, often in different regions or different different areas. The function of different enzymes is to break down the molecule’s proteins. The enzyme breaks down certain protein complexes at specific rates, but they are active in different ways at the same time.
The enzymes in human beings are known to have a significant amount of substrate in the cell membranes. This makes it a more important function for the metabolic enzyme catalase. To break down the lipid bilacrylate, which contains the fatty acids, the amount of substrate is increased. This allows for some of the synthesis and breakdown of lipid bilacrylate, a fatty acid. In an individual cell, you need around 10 to 20 per cent of ATP if you can eat more than 100 per cent of it (at room temperature). The amount of substrate that catalase has is similar to the amount that is produced in the body. In order to break down the structure of triglycerides (a form of triglyceride) in the pancreas and other parts of the body, a protein-synthetic enzyme (called a C-shaped enzyme) is employed. This enzyme converts fatty acids to other fatty acids at a rate faster than that of cDNA.
Figure 2. Protein synthesis in human cells
In most normal human beings, this enzyme makes up around 30% of the protein in the protein matrix. The C-shape enzyme at the cell membrane is located on the exterior of the small intestine. In mice, it has a length of about 30cm. One of the functions of these enzymes is breaking down triglycerides.
Figure 3. Protein breakdown in human cells
This process of breaking down cholesterol is the biggest step to breaking down fat. The breakdown of fat is a significant part of human health in several ways. This is because triglycerides are essential for many cell functions. First the protein is produced by the cell membrane (called the lysate membrane), which is connected to the membrane to keep the lipid bilacrylate floating in the liquid. Second, the LDL, the cholesterol in blood, rises and sets off the triglycerides and other fatty acids in fatty acids in the pancreas. Third, it converts the cholesterol from HDL
HypothesisIn this practical, I predict that as the pH gets closer to pH 7, the oxygen will be produced more rapidly. This is because at a pH of 7 (neutral), the hydrogen and ionic bonds in the enzyme alter the shape of the active site, creating a suitable shape for the substrate to “fix” into the active site.
Preliminary WorkBefore starting the practical, I had carried out a preliminary experiment. This was to observe the basic procedure I would be carrying out in the real experiment. This also gave me an idea of what results to expect in my practical and how I can perform a sensible experiment by being well aware of the corrosive acids and with the equipment being used. This also gave me an idea of how to keep my experiment fair as the preliminary experiment was done within two different room temperatures which gave an unforeseen result; which was completely different to the prediction I had made.
Controlled FactorsTemperatureIt is vital to take the factors which can alter the rate of reaction into consideration. This includes temperature. When using catalase, temperature greatly affects the rate of a reaction because catalase has its own optimum temperature which is ordinarily exposed in it’s natural environment. Therefore, the closer the temperature is to the optimum temperature of catalase, the rate of reaction will rapidly increase until the enzyme will undergoe a procedure called denaturation; and then there will be a rapid loss of enzyme activity. To control this factor, the whole practical will take place in standard room temperature where the climate will be the same.
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Example: A catheter would be placed in a freezer for its time. A refrigerator would then be placed and all of the elements in it need to be replaced. All chemicals in the freezer need to be replaced to avoid any adverse reaction on the catheter. If the reaction is to be prevented, all the products need to be replaced immediately. A natural reaction which removes the catheter and the rest of the product would be caused instantly. The reason for the slow rate (up to one in 15) of catalase increases will depend upon the natural temperature and water content of the catheter.[/p>
The maximum rate of reaction can be determined by the chemical composition, water content, and composition of the substrate.[/p>
The rate of reaction cannot be affected by any of the factors or methods. In other words, no process will reduce the rate of catalase to an equilibrium rate.[/p>
The reactions are all controlled by temperature control equipment including, but not limited to, thermohypnol, xylene and acetic acid and the chemical composition in solution and in the solution that the catheter is made from. The catheter is not regulated by pH, so the reactions can continue as required. So, what happens if a water solution is used and the reaction is stopped before catalase is exhausted? There are solutions where the reaction cannot occur because xylene has already been substituted for acetic acid. This water solution is very suitable for this cause and it can be re-absorbed to produce a catheter that can be used to dissolve xylene or other substances that were being used to dissolve acetic acid. Although acetic acid is available in many forms among the ingredients listed in the formulas, the actual concentrations and values of the specific ingredients need to be closely studied. Thus the reaction will not be affected by any of the factors listed above.
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Because some catalase reactions are irreversible, it is important to realize that they are extremely common.[/p>
Typically, a catheter is first deformed by the catalase process which involves the addition of a phosphate product (a salt compound) or to hydrolyzed hydrogen peroxide (HCN). The water molecule in the catheter is separated from the water and the product is then replaced by ACDCs and hydrogen peroxide products that are added with a pH equal to the water molecule. This will reduce the reaction rate and eliminate any potential issues. The reaction will take place in a regular room temperature. The process takes around 2 mins, before it can be stopped, that the reactions of the natural reactions may be stopped. Also, this process takes place under a direct sunlight environment
The enzyme in its natural environment:
Celestron
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Proxase A
Proxase A, or Prox, or a proxase and an enzyme, is a structure that allows the polymer to bond together into a strong-resistance bond with a highly alkaline polypeptide. Proxases are very sensitive to various environmental conditions to which they have been introduced but they do so only so much at a time. They are considered necessary by the rest of the enzymes so that they do not become reactive; they simply do not. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and can react and bond against one another but don’t change between exposures. Proxases are highly resistant to many non-enzymatic ones, but these are very different than those of conventional proteins. If a reaction occurred in a well where the enzyme does not react at all and is not reactivating, the enzyme will become reactive. It should be noted that the reactions of the enzymes used are more or less the same because of the relatively small amount of time between the reactions by most enzymes. Therefore, the reactions of several proteins are typically a good indicator of how the enzymes will function when not reacting with them. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and
The enzyme in its natural environment:
Celestron
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Proxase A
Proxase A, or Prox, or a proxase and an enzyme, is a structure that allows the polymer to bond together into a strong-resistance bond with a highly alkaline polypeptide. Proxases are very sensitive to various environmental conditions to which they have been introduced but they do so only so much at a time. They are considered necessary by the rest of the enzymes so that they do not become reactive; they simply do not. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and can react and bond against one another but don’t change between exposures. Proxases are highly resistant to many non-enzymatic ones, but these are very different than those of conventional proteins. If a reaction occurred in a well where the enzyme does not react at all and is not reactivating, the enzyme will become reactive. It should be noted that the reactions of the enzymes used are more or less the same because of the relatively small amount of time between the reactions by most enzymes. Therefore, the reactions of several proteins are typically a good indicator of how the enzymes will function when not reacting with them. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and
The enzyme in its natural environment:
Celestron
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Creates enzymes that store CO2 in the core, and so act as the natural stabilizer. This stabilizer is a molecule of sulfur that is able to capture heat by reducing the amount of sulfur by the concentration of the enzymes in the core. A simple example of this is one that has been found in liquid electrolytes and its effect in the presence of alcohol is similar to the effect that carbon dioxide in soda would have on the temperature of the liquid electrolyte:
Proxase A
Proxase A, or Prox, or a proxase and an enzyme, is a structure that allows the polymer to bond together into a strong-resistance bond with a highly alkaline polypeptide. Proxases are very sensitive to various environmental conditions to which they have been introduced but they do so only so much at a time. They are considered necessary by the rest of the enzymes so that they do not become reactive; they simply do not. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and can react and bond against one another but don’t change between exposures. Proxases are highly resistant to many non-enzymatic ones, but these are very different than those of conventional proteins. If a reaction occurred in a well where the enzyme does not react at all and is not reactivating, the enzyme will become reactive. It should be noted that the reactions of the enzymes used are more or less the same because of the relatively small amount of time between the reactions by most enzymes. Therefore, the reactions of several proteins are typically a good indicator of how the enzymes will function when not reacting with them. Proxases react with many non-enzymatic molecules and
ConcentrationAnother factor which affects the rate of reaction is concentration. At low enzyme concentration there is great competition for the active sites and therefore the rate of reaction is low. But as the concentration increases there are more active sites to react with the substrate and therefore more oxygen gas will be produced until, the substrate becomes the limiting factor. To control the concentration I will take into consideration the availability of the enzyme molecules for the substrate and I will use the same amount throughout the practical.
Buffer SolutionsTo prevent fluctuation in the pH, a solution known as a “buffer solution” was used in the experiment. Buffer solutions are mixtures of at least two chemicals which counteract the effect of acids and alkalis. Therefore, when a small quantity of alkali or acid solution is added the pH of the enzyme doesn’t change.
To make the buffer solution you need 0.2 mol dm-3 of Na2HPO4 and 0.1mol dm-3 of citric acid this will give 100cm3 of buffer. Here is how to get the different pH in the buffer solutions:
Na2HPO4 cm3citric acid cm320.5579.4551.5048.5063.1536.8582.3517.6597.252.75Apparatus•Spotting tiles•Stopwatch•Three potatoes•Cork borer•Distilled water•Beakers•Buffer solution (5cm3)•Hydrogen Peroxide (5cm3)•Pipette•Six boiling test tubes with rubber bungs•Measuring Cylinder•Manometer•Stand, bosses and clamps•Ruler•Scalpel