Hiv Aids – a PandemicHiv Aids – a PandemicThe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized among homosexual males in the United States in 1981. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was limited initially, but has since exploded over the past two decades and became the worst epidemic of the twentieth century. The AIDS epidemic ranks with the influenza pandemic and the Bubonic plague with more than 25 million fatalities.
The AIDS epidemic continues to spread into new areas. As of July 2006, 38.6 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, and more than 27 million had died since the epidemic began (Quinn, T., 2007). An estimated 4.9 million people became infected with HIV in 2005 which includes 700,000 children who became infected from their mothers while they were pregnant. Also, 209 million people died due to AIDS in 2005 (Quinn, T., 2007). On a daily basis, 14,000 people became infected with HIV increasingly among mother-to-infant transmission.
There are three major ways of acquiring HIV. The first is through sexual transmission which includes heterosexual and homosexual contact. The second is transmission among IV drug users and the third is through perinatal transmission when a mother passes the virus to her child while she is pregnant.
As of December 2005, there were approximately 2.3 million children living with HIV globally. Most of these children live in the developing world, where it is estimated that 700,000 infants were born with HIV in 2005 (Mofenson, L., 2007).
There has been great progress in reducing mother to child transmission of HIV since the results of a Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group (PACTG) began in 1994. With these advances, mother-to-infant transmission was reduced to less than 2 percent in resource rich countries. These resource rich countries have also implemented universal prenatal HIV counseling and testing, elective cesarean delivery and avoidance of breast feeding.
HIV has spread to every country in the world and has infected 59 million people worldwide and includes 20 million people who have already died. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 1.1 million people in the US are infected with HIV and about 405,926 people living with AIDS (Bartlett, J., 2007). While the HIV infection is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse, exposure to contaminated blood, or perinatal transmission, the ways of contracting the disease vary in different countries. Areas that are not rich in resources show vaginal sex is responsible for 70 to 80 percent of AIDS cases. Perinatal transmission and injection drug use account for 5 to 10 percent each (Bartlett, J., 2007).
The first recorded case of AIDS-linked transmission occurred during a late evening lunchtime encounter with a man at a bar.
The woman became ill from the ingestion of a vial of a hepatitis C drug and tried to enter the home of an oncologist before being removed from her hands (Caballero, E., 2012). Two weeks later, a woman and a baby were bitten outside of a bathroom, and no symptoms were evident in the newborn. Another man (who is no longer living) reported having a vial of vial cocaine, which was found in a bar in Mexico that his friend was drinking with an unknown drug dealer (Chongpaolo et al., 2014). In one of the two men’s cases, in which he died, the vial contained cocaine, a synthetic version of the HSCIN1. When another man saw the vial, he told his friend that he was HIV positive, but that he had been taking his own medicine, and that he was HIV positive. Although both men never reported any health symptoms, a second young man who had been using this drug became infected with the HSCIN2 (Stahl et al., 2012). There is no national vaccine against HSCIN2. In this case, HSCIN2 administered by mouth to both young men and newborn babies is known to induce serious infections (Gardner et al., 2004). The incidence of AIDS-related HIV infections in the US continues to climb as both male and female HIV infection are now thought to have increased from approximately one every 20,000 lives to a new epidemic of one each year. According to a study published in 2003, the world is set to reach a peak of about one million HIV cases globally in five years, and, globally, a new HIV infection rate of between 5 and 10 per 100,000 infections will be seen in the 50-100 million year cycle. The HIV epidemic may continue to increase until at least 2032 and the population will surpass the present levels of 3,000 persons worldwide by 2020. As the virus spreads through its host through infected tissues, it rapidly reaches the immune system, changes its ability to defend itself against virus infections, and attacks its host. In a study of 1,300 HIV-infected patients, the authors found that infection of a human immune system was associated with an increase in the number of infections and an increase in the number of deaths. All of these risk factors could be due to the infection of the body’s own immune system, but the role of its own host, the patient’s own immune system, or a combination of the factors can be important to protect the host from HIV infection. AIDS’s role in causing AIDS is largely unproven. It may be responsible for only slightly more than a million deaths each
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors (NCTS)
HIV is a highly virulent strain of HIV and can originate in the vagina and spread throughout the globe.1 In the United States alone, the HIV virus can reach anywhere from three to four times the level of the HIV/AIDS virus as a novel species can infect the blood of two people as well as live long after transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.3 million people in the US can live with a type 2 viral disease after the virus is isolated and transferred from person to person, and more than half the number of new HIV infections in the US in 2015.2 According to the CDC, a case of HIV, known as chlamydia, can cost as much as $6,500 to $16,000 in its first year and cost the average family $15,000 in the first year after that and $75,000 in the year after that.3 In Europe, the WHO estimates that up to 45,000 people a year will be infected with HIV (Baldwin, L., 1999).4 In countries where HIV exists, the virus can develop resistance to various drugs, and is particularly effective at penetrating skin, teeth, and respiratory cords, in the upper respiratory tract (SOD), and in the genital tract (FAV), in sexually active people (Baldwin, L., 1999).5 The WHO recommends that people aged 50 years or older who have a lifetime of exposure to a specific HIV disease or sexual intercourse as well as those who have sex at least once annually should not consider unprotected sex after a year if they are infected with HIV.
U.S. HIV Status
The United States has few laws requiring people who are HIV-positive to get access to medical assistance. For those who have recently acquired an HIV-positive condition, there are two types of care. U.S. law requires that a person who has sex with any sex-positive person and who has been diagnosed with any type of AIDS be enrolled with a care facility in New York state (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New York State AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease Program, 2012) or Connecticut (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, National Institute — Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Viral Diseases).
The most basic aspect of care for HIV (and other sexually transmitted infections) is to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) by treating the HIV parasite with medications and counseling. Infection with sexually transmitted causes a host of medical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.6 In general, however, the treatment of sexual transmitted diseases (STD) is not as thorough and effective (Owen et al.,
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors (NCTS)
HIV is a highly virulent strain of HIV and can originate in the vagina and spread throughout the globe.1 In the United States alone, the HIV virus can reach anywhere from three to four times the level of the HIV/AIDS virus as a novel species can infect the blood of two people as well as live long after transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.3 million people in the US can live with a type 2 viral disease after the virus is isolated and transferred from person to person, and more than half the number of new HIV infections in the US in 2015.2 According to the CDC, a case of HIV, known as chlamydia, can cost as much as $6,500 to $16,000 in its first year and cost the average family $15,000 in the first year after that and $75,000 in the year after that.3 In Europe, the WHO estimates that up to 45,000 people a year will be infected with HIV (Baldwin, L., 1999).4 In countries where HIV exists, the virus can develop resistance to various drugs, and is particularly effective at penetrating skin, teeth, and respiratory cords, in the upper respiratory tract (SOD), and in the genital tract (FAV), in sexually active people (Baldwin, L., 1999).5 The WHO recommends that people aged 50 years or older who have a lifetime of exposure to a specific HIV disease or sexual intercourse as well as those who have sex at least once annually should not consider unprotected sex after a year if they are infected with HIV.
U.S. HIV Status
The United States has few laws requiring people who are HIV-positive to get access to medical assistance. For those who have recently acquired an HIV-positive condition, there are two types of care. U.S. law requires that a person who has sex with any sex-positive person and who has been diagnosed with any type of AIDS be enrolled with a care facility in New York state (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New York State AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease Program, 2012) or Connecticut (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, National Institute — Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Viral Diseases).
The most basic aspect of care for HIV (and other sexually transmitted infections) is to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) by treating the HIV parasite with medications and counseling. Infection with sexually transmitted causes a host of medical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.6 In general, however, the treatment of sexual transmitted diseases (STD) is not as thorough and effective (Owen et al.,
HIV/AIDS Risk Factors (NCTS)
HIV is a highly virulent strain of HIV and can originate in the vagina and spread throughout the globe.1 In the United States alone, the HIV virus can reach anywhere from three to four times the level of the HIV/AIDS virus as a novel species can infect the blood of two people as well as live long after transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.3 million people in the US can live with a type 2 viral disease after the virus is isolated and transferred from person to person, and more than half the number of new HIV infections in the US in 2015.2 According to the CDC, a case of HIV, known as chlamydia, can cost as much as $6,500 to $16,000 in its first year and cost the average family $15,000 in the first year after that and $75,000 in the year after that.3 In Europe, the WHO estimates that up to 45,000 people a year will be infected with HIV (Baldwin, L., 1999).4 In countries where HIV exists, the virus can develop resistance to various drugs, and is particularly effective at penetrating skin, teeth, and respiratory cords, in the upper respiratory tract (SOD), and in the genital tract (FAV), in sexually active people (Baldwin, L., 1999).5 The WHO recommends that people aged 50 years or older who have a lifetime of exposure to a specific HIV disease or sexual intercourse as well as those who have sex at least once annually should not consider unprotected sex after a year if they are infected with HIV.
U.S. HIV Status
The United States has few laws requiring people who are HIV-positive to get access to medical assistance. For those who have recently acquired an HIV-positive condition, there are two types of care. U.S. law requires that a person who has sex with any sex-positive person and who has been diagnosed with any type of AIDS be enrolled with a care facility in New York state (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, New York State AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease Program, 2012) or Connecticut (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, National Institute — Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Viral Diseases).
The most basic aspect of care for HIV (and other sexually transmitted infections) is to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) by treating the HIV parasite with medications and counseling. Infection with sexually transmitted causes a host of medical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.6 In general, however, the treatment of sexual transmitted diseases (STD) is not as thorough and effective (Owen et al.,
For the first twenty years of HIV in the United States, male to male sexual contact and injection drug use made up almost one half of all cases. From 2000 to 2003, many new cases were a result of men having sex with men, heterosexual adults and adolescents. Use among IV drug users had declined. Men having sex with men and people exposed through heterosexual contact made up the majority of HIV/AIDS cases. The most commonly reported mode of HIV was with heterosexual women.
Minority populations are also at an increased risk. Black females were infected 19 times higher