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The Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Robots
By Artificial Intelligence (AI) we generally understand machine intelligence. But this is really only a relative definition. Taken at a broader point of view and looking at the people we see on television or in our daily lives, for example, we can easily conclude that the intelligence they possess is surely just as artificial as that of a machine. Nothing original comes out and there seems to be very little self awareness. Experiments to build artificial intelligences go back a long way. In 1946 British mathematician Alan Turing developed a chess algorithm for use with calculating machines; it lost to an amateur player in the one game that it played. Furthermore, well before the modern age men have sought to build or endow intelligence onto machines. The classical Greek mythology is full of intelligent machines and devices and while men such as Hero and Daedalus constructed the hardware, philosophers like Aristotle invented the first formal deductive reasoning system for machines known as syllogistic logic. And so it has continued until today, several thousand years later, when we are coming to a point where we can see the beginnings of real artificial intelligence brought about by our advanced knowledge of technology. Where it will lead us is uncertain. There are really no technological limits apparently, and what we do with our intelligent machines and to what extent and purpose we develop them is another part of the ethical and moral issue surrounding artificial intelligence. As the future of advanced robotic artificial intelligence becomes the present, and starts to intertwine itself into our day-to-day activities, our society will have to face and overcome numerous daunting ethical questions. Out of the thousands of questions that could arise, we would like to address the issues of; can a robot be held liable for hurting someone or breaking the law, how does society decide on what actions a robot can or cant take in response to an action or situation and, how does society decide on how far robots can be integrated into our lives. First lets move on and take a look at the liability concerns an artificially intelligent robot introduces.
The application of rapidly advancing fields of software and hardware engineering and biotechnology to recreate life or intelligence raises ethical and social issues. There is an ethical responsibility on the part of the creator to ensure that the robot or virtual pet causes no harm. The first ethical issue one would ask is can a robot be held liable for hurting someone or breaking the law? Clearly the stakeholder is the person that is receiving the harm from the robot. In I, Robot Isaac Asimov, discussed the behavior and thoughts of robots and devised Three Laws of Robotics. The first law was, “a robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.” The Second law was, “a robot must obey orders given to him by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. ” The third law was, “a robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.” To understand in more concrete terms the legal future of robots, we must understand what legal principles will be applied to conflicts that involve Artificial Intelligence in robots. Lehman-Wilzigs article of the legal definition of artificial intelligence