Christianity In Japan
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Christianity in Japan
Christianity as a whole idea began at the beginning of time. This entire world was founded on the basis of this concept. Through time it has tremendously expanded and has been passed down from generation to generation. As new lands were discovered and established, this notion of Christianity spread rapidly with it. As explorers traveled, they took this with them and began to incorporate it into these new cultures. Thus, we have the example of the country of Japan.
Christianity in Japan began many centuries ago. Europe had a major influence in this entire process of incorporating this new idea into the Japanese culture. It is evident as we look back through history that this idea was accepted and grew and multiplied through the years. It has had its ups and downs, its growth spurts and its trials, but nevertheless, it continued, and even prospered under these circumstances.
Trade was opened in Japan in the mid 1500s. This was a huge step for the Japanese culture because they hadnt wanted any other influence into their land from any other country before this time; only by force did it eventually occur. As a result of this force, these first few years of open trade was extremely limited. In 1542, the very first Europeans – who were from Portugal – landed in western Japan in Kyushu. This island of Kyushu desired to keep trade with Europe in order to receive military supplies, so they had to accept these missionaries to continue the trade. This worked for the Europeans, because they came for two main reasons: to trade weapons and military equipment, and to bring missionaries into this land. Due to these circumstances, a large number of people converted to Christianity and among those were ones who assisted in the ruling of the country.
In 1549, St. Francis Xavier led a group of missionaries into Japan. These missionaries were Roman Catholics from Spain. At this time, many Japanese were either Buddhist or Shinto. It is important to note that these Europeans came to another island of Japan separate from Kyushu, which was Kyoto, and spread Christianity there. It was widely accepted as a religion, especially under the reign of Oda Nobunaga, who unified Japan in 1569. The Japanese were impressed with the example of Xavier, who with his learning and great piety they believed would positively impact the culture of Japan.
For a period of almost twenty years, Christianity flourished inside the domains of Japan. Nobunaga was killed and his lieutenant Hideyoshi took over his duties. He began the persecution with an edict that forced all the missionaries out of Japan. However, it wasnt strictly enforced. Hideyoshis predecessor, Tokugawa Ieyasu was a strict enforcer of these new policies and added more of his own after many had begun to interfere with his plans. He even had 26 missionaries executed in 1597 as a forewarning of what could happen if people did not comply with his new laws. He forced these missionaries out and put heavy pressure on these new Japanese Christians to reconvert to Buddhism. (Buddhism was made the state religion to have a basis to persecute the Christians). Through this difficult time period, many Christians moved to China and maintained their contact with Japan through trade. Bibles and tracts were sent over in an effort to maintain the high numbers of new conversions.
Through this persecution of these newly converted Christians, it is estimated that by 1600, 300,000 Japanese had converted to Christianity. Organized Christianity had come to an end in this, the 17th century. Many were persecuted, tortured, and even killed for accepting Christ. At this time the Christian Japanese church went underground. For the two centuries following this beginning, thousands of these new Christians secretly continued to practice their faith. If discovered, they were tortured, some even burned at the stake. It is estimated that 3,000 believers were martyred and some 30 missionaries were killed while living out their life mission. This was the beginning of Japans two centuries of seclusion, called sakoku.
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry delivered a letter to Japan from President Fillmore demanding the opening of trade. At first, Japan refused this idea all together, however in 1854, the United States returned, and Japan finally gave up. The treaty of Kanagawa was signed and this opened up several ports to Americans. The United States now had authorization to service ships and also to evangelize and bring in missionaries. At this point, Japan as a whole was on the verge of thinking differently, and surprisingly without being forced to do so. This was a result at large from the trade being opened up and the Japanese being influenced by Western culture.
Japan learned to use these foreigners that come over through trade to their advantage. They even asked the Germans to train their military. Political leaders went to England and France to learn how to rule fairly. In the mid 1800s religious freedom began to seep through the minds of Japanese leaders. The Constitution was written around this time also.
In 1867, the Meiji Constitution was signed, and full religious liberties were given to the Japanese. Yet, in the 1930s the government took control saying that the Shinto religion and beliefs need to be enforced regardless of any individuals religion. Basically, this religious freedom was short-lived. Shintoism had become a symbol of nationalism and those who did not follow these governmental laws were persecuted. Thus, many of these Japanese churches who had once experienced religious freedom now had become controlled by the government and the beliefs of the nation as a whole.
Church growth continually increased from this point on. Numbers in the church multiplied. By this time, there were many different denominations coming to Japan to evangelize. To avoid this denominationalism, the first Protestant church established was non-denominational. Nevertheless, many denominations formed throughout the country, and they looked very much like their Western establishers.
Church growth continued through the 1900s. From 1901 to 1930 the Protestant church grew to four times its original size. From 1880 to 1940, the Presbyterian church grew from 1,000 to just under 60,000. The Methodist and Congregational churches