Kita Ikki
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Kita Ikki was a radical nationalist who lived from 1883 to 1937. Some of his countrymen consider him to be an almost legendary nationalist hero but to the great majority he remains unknown and misunderstood. Early in the twentieth century this man of higher purpose formulated a comparative theory of social evolution which allowed him to examine all countries, East and West, in a new perspective.(Martin 73) Kita Ikki considered revolution to be the inevitable result of earlier evolutionary processes and was a necessary step by which a society enters the modern world. Completing Japans revolution was therefore his ultimate goal and, in his eyes, the duty of all Japanese patriots. His life marks him as an unusual and controversial figure given the radical change in his ideological perspective that occurred in the early nineteenth century. While a young student Kita Ikki was attracted to socialist ideas and met with many influential Japanese socialists. In the July 20 1906 edition of the Japanese socialist journal Hikari, shortly after he published his first work The Theory of Japans National Polity and Pure Socialism, Comrade Kita Ikki was praised as a “very young and promising socialist”. (Wilson 2) Scarcely more than a decade later, however, the same man would write A Plan for the Reorganization of Japan which historians have generally condemned as blueprint for the introduction of a fascist system with some even going so far as to draw parallels to Adolf Hitlers Mien Kampf. (Wilson 2) Authors who have written about Kita Ikki assume some dramatic shift in his thinking must have come during the thirteen years that separated his two books. Some consider that Kita Ikki was the Japanese analogue to the group of European intellectuals who saw in Fascism a way of accomplishing both domestic institutional reform and expanding national prestige abroad while others contend he became disillusioned with Socialism after he participated in the failed Chinese Revolution of 1911. (Martin 83) Neither is the case, the reality being that Kita Ikkis goals were no different in his second book then they were in his first, it was simply a change in tactics that necessitated the internal reorganization of Japan laid out in his Reorganization Plan.
For Kita Ikki all nations had their particular levels of attainment and all countries were in a hierarchy, some lower others higher. China long the center of East Asian civilization had recently been in decline and Kita Ikki believed they were on the verge of a great transformation and while ready, they were unable to break through to the next evolutionary stage. (Wilson 26)The reason for this he believed was Western Imperialism and any true Japanese socialist should be prepared to take action in order to promote Chinas progress hence his attraction to the cause. After participating in the failed revolution in 1911 Kita Ikki later returned to China after a three year expulsion in 1916. He and his remaining acquaintances from the revolutionary days of 1911-1913 once again believed progress was possible but what followed was a series of disappointments in particular with his own country, Japan. From Kita Ikkis perspective the end of the Great War in Europe should have brought about Japans willingness to promote Chinas rightful claims to the Western powers at the Paris Peace Conference but instead Japan sought to gain international acceptance of its war time appropriation of Germanys holdings in China.(Narangoa and Cribb 142) This combined with the poor allocation of Japanese financial aid led to several protests within China against Japans imperialist behavior. The May Fourth 1919 demonstrations in Peking set off a chain reaction of repercussions cumulating with a boycott of Japanese goods in Shanghai. Kita Ikki in response composed a letter with the title Highest Judgement on the Versailles Conference in which he offered his interpretation of the world situation at the end of the war. In the letter Kita Ikki condemned Woodrow Wilsons notion of self-determination suggesting it was impossible and a farce given that British took advantage of it, appropriating colonial rights in Africa and the Japanese made a mockery of it in China. (Makiyo 76) Having stated these ideas before only to have them fall on deaf ears Kita Ikki felt that all he had worked for in the way of revolutionary Chinese nationalism was lost in the face of the wrath the Ðawakened people of China had for his native Japan. As relations deteriorated between the two countries Kita Ikki came to believe the prerequisite to any major alteration in Japans external policies was “reorganization” of the nation internally. He remained in Shanghai and went to work on a new book in which he laid out the various reforms he believed necessary. It was only after writing these ideas down in his book A Plan for the Reorganization of Japan that he returned to Japan and tried to put them into action.
This was Kitas best known work, one that made him a familiar name to many Japanese of his own generation. The view that Kita was an advocate of violent change rests on this book but it is important to note that he in no way saw this work as divorced from his previous involvement in Chinese affairs seeing as he aimed to fix both Japans international as well as domestic problems.(Wilson 47) He once again called for changes in Japans policy towards China but he abandoned the stance taken in his 1906 study of “pure socialism” instead outlining a series of measures for reforming the Japanese state. Kita Ikki believed that by following his proposals Japan could at last reach its destined place on the scale of historical evolution and as such the Reorganization Plan offered a model to forcibly make the “evolutionary” change a reality. (Wilson 48) The book itself draws from a variety of doctrinal sources including Western democratic and socialist theory as well as some elements of Japanese tradition and it bears striking resemblance to later Japanese government policies such as the “national-defense state” that emerged before and during World War II. (Makiyo 78) With regards to foreign policy the book advocates the establishment of an umbrella like structure for consolidating the entire East and Southeast Asian area under the cover of Japanese military and economic power. The Reorganization Plan contains an introduction, eight chapters and a conclusion. The first six chapters deal with Kita Ikkis plans for internal reform while chapters seven and eight deal with the international situation.
The purpose of domestic reorganization was, as Kita saw it, to remove the privileged class that intervened between emperor and populace, which was something he had advocated as early as 1906. The importance of the military in his thinking is evident