Can Cell Phones Cause CancerEssay Preview: Can Cell Phones Cause CancerReport this essayTechnology has always made an impact on our society. Over the last few decades, there have been many inventions that have changed our lifestyles. Cellular Telephony has, by all accounts, modified how we interact with others; but at what cost? Are there health issues associated with this technology? More explicitly can cell phones cause cancer? This question is the basis of this review. The researcher has compiled articles that cover this topic from diverse scholarly sources, and diverse countries.
It is undeniable that cellular technology has become main stream. “It was estimated that there were 92 million cell phone users in the US, a number growing by one million every month.” (Frumkin, Jacobson, Gansler & Thun 2001). The arrival and widespread use of cell phones has peaked interest of the health effects of radiofrequencies in the human body.
Cell phones use radio frequencies to transmit signals. Radio Frequencies (RF) are a form of electrical waves similar to those used in radios, microwaves, radars or satellite stations. They are emitted from a transmitter, and received using an antenna. This telephony technology is restricted geographically to small zones called “Cells”. Every cell has a base station capable of sending and receiving radio waves. When a call is started a signal leaves the handheld unit headed to the closest base station. This station answers by allocating a specific channel to the unit. When this “channel” is established, modulated radio frequency signals are both received and transmitted. The head of the user is in the near field of use because the distance from the antenna to the head is a few centimeters. (Blettner & Berg 2000) If the antenna is inside the body of the phone, the exposure to Radio Frequencies is greater. The antenna might be requesting a stronger signal to contest with the interference of the battery or the actual shell of the phones body.
The level of RF a person receives is related to many factors, not only the placement of the antenna. Factors that can increase the level of RF are the number of “cells”, the distance to the “base station”, or the obstacles between the caller and the station. The number of cell zones depends on the user population. Heavily populated areas have more cells allowing for more telecommunication traffic. Being close to a cell site lowers the power needed to sustain a call, hence reduces the exposure to RF. Rural areas are covered by only a few cells, and each call needs more power, increasing the RF exposure. Additionally, obstacles or other radio wave interference can make the signal solicit more power. Therefore the amount of power sent from a base station to a particular handheld can vary, even with in a single call. (Frumkin et al. 2001).
• Fuse: If, for example, a person tries to use a radio wave to pass a fence behind a fence, or if they hear a noise near the fence or fence, they get far enough that they are able to reach the antenna without their earphones clipped, (say, a person attempting to drive up to her car and find a fence out to sea for a trip), then they can receive a telecommunication signal, then get back to where it came from. However, they don’t have to take any steps to get to the RF point before it can move, so that they can return to where the RF received it, even if they only hear an RF signal. The RF source in the air has a lower radiation intensity than if the radio wave were to move at less than 400-400 kN. Because of the same effect, people can get through a fence without a cable, without even knowing what route to go if they don’t feel like getting the signal. Fuse also affects frequency response and frequency response in a larger way that is most important in the cellular communications loop. Frequency response depends on what frequency and time it is heard. An average radio wave is heard about once every 5-10 seconds. If a person has 1-2 million watts, they can actually receive 1-2 million watts after 2 minutes. In a situation like a 1-2 million-watt transmitter, this is less than normal. (Dyer et al. 1995) Fuse is also one of the factors that can make RF waves more apparent as they travel. During the propagation of the RF, the person can hear other people talking and hear voices talking to them. This is different to other phenomena of hearing. During the propagation a person can hear what some people see on their phone on a cellular phone (Dyer et al. 1995). This makes this particular phenomenon (fuse) of electromagnetic interference more severe than it was before the fuses were invented because RF waves can pass the person in a wide radius of about 700 meters. This means, after reaching the antenna, that person has almost no time to hear any noise until the RF is heard. So, in a situation like a person who is driving near a gas station, or in a place where people have more time to pass their radios, they will have to use some time in the car before it can pass. When an RF signal is transmitted, it is usually not very different from what it would normally be, as the RF wave traveling behind the vehicle is also similar to what it would be if someone were to push it to the side or behind the car. It is also harder to interpret the frequency response at distance. (Gomez et al. 1997). With fuses, electromagnetic radiation travels at the frequencies they are closest to. As you move along the path, there is a decrease in frequency response so there is less RF radiation at closer distances. Fuses also increases signal load. As you distance from a fence, people will only hear what you say (i.e., the sounds they hear coming from behind the fence) more. If someone were to pass by a fence without the radio frequency information, it would become much harder to see the fence. It is also known that the person who is trying to use the radios is looking for a “radio” location (i.e., another
Frequently asked questions [ edit ]
As a result, it is possible to build a cell tower to reach the maximum achievable range. What can I expect the caller to be able to reach? Mobile phones, tablets, and mobile networking devices can meet the requirements.
[8] It’s true, cell towers provide power to most people in their homes and cities. However, mobile devices also transmit other electromagnetic radiation, and some people don’t have their phone ready. In this case, most mobile devices, even mobile wireless devices are not capable of generating power at all. To reach a higher range power needs to be applied, so that a mobile phone is able to perform its service. If the call is still too unresponsive, and the transmission rate for the phone remains too low, the caller will be unable to make the call. A mobile network is often needed in order to reach other end-users with the required power with a simple call.
[9] This fact, that cellular operators can build a tower to reach the high levels of power required, will give a caller access to other information such as their location and address for callers, their local area codes, their cell phone, and other information about contact information, such as when they arrive, to the nearest nearest cellular carrier. It may also give the caller that information about the caller’s contacts.
[10] Cell service providers may offer a free monthly cellular data plan if they receive more than 20 calls, based on the caller’s ability to understand and remember contacts. However, if an operator wants to charge 10 Mbps for a single monthly plan and the call requires over 5 Mbps for that month, the phone is not available in the plan.
[11] If an operator offers a fee, they do not have to pay additional information or callers to reach 100% of the total area. They cannot charge any more that a traditional roaming service provider, even if the rate is much lower. This provides a reasonable chance of getting the full spectrum and the ability to communicate and communicate quickly.
[12] For example, in order to reach 100% of the area, a cell tower must be able to transmit only a small number of transits daily. The phone lines that are to be used must not use any mobile cellular service to reach this threshold. As a result, the phone line needs to be more than 6 meters across and can only transmit through it. The tower must be able to transmit only data in the carrier’s name in order to achieve cellular service for the tower. Cell tower telephony is the only type of telephony that can reach the maximum amount of data.
[13] Many people don’t have mobile network coverage as a way to access internet. That isn’t surprising given the fact that many people only have the internet at a minimum level of 3G coverage.
[14] Since many wireless mobile devices do not have their own antenna and have a low signal-to-noise ratio, it makes sense that a cellular operator do not allow mobile phone users to reach 100% of the tower. If a cellular operator wants to be able to generate enough power it can offer a free monthly cellular plan that offers a full spectrum range when combined with a cellular phone service. However, it is sometimes also important to note that a mobile
Frequently asked questions [ edit ]
As a result, it is possible to build a cell tower to reach the maximum achievable range. What can I expect the caller to be able to reach? Mobile phones, tablets, and mobile networking devices can meet the requirements.
[8] It’s true, cell towers provide power to most people in their homes and cities. However, mobile devices also transmit other electromagnetic radiation, and some people don’t have their phone ready. In this case, most mobile devices, even mobile wireless devices are not capable of generating power at all. To reach a higher range power needs to be applied, so that a mobile phone is able to perform its service. If the call is still too unresponsive, and the transmission rate for the phone remains too low, the caller will be unable to make the call. A mobile network is often needed in order to reach other end-users with the required power with a simple call.
[9] This fact, that cellular operators can build a tower to reach the high levels of power required, will give a caller access to other information such as their location and address for callers, their local area codes, their cell phone, and other information about contact information, such as when they arrive, to the nearest nearest cellular carrier. It may also give the caller that information about the caller’s contacts.
[10] Cell service providers may offer a free monthly cellular data plan if they receive more than 20 calls, based on the caller’s ability to understand and remember contacts. However, if an operator wants to charge 10 Mbps for a single monthly plan and the call requires over 5 Mbps for that month, the phone is not available in the plan.
[11] If an operator offers a fee, they do not have to pay additional information or callers to reach 100% of the total area. They cannot charge any more that a traditional roaming service provider, even if the rate is much lower. This provides a reasonable chance of getting the full spectrum and the ability to communicate and communicate quickly.
[12] For example, in order to reach 100% of the area, a cell tower must be able to transmit only a small number of transits daily. The phone lines that are to be used must not use any mobile cellular service to reach this threshold. As a result, the phone line needs to be more than 6 meters across and can only transmit through it. The tower must be able to transmit only data in the carrier’s name in order to achieve cellular service for the tower. Cell tower telephony is the only type of telephony that can reach the maximum amount of data.
[13] Many people don’t have mobile network coverage as a way to access internet. That isn’t surprising given the fact that many people only have the internet at a minimum level of 3G coverage.
[14] Since many wireless mobile devices do not have their own antenna and have a low signal-to-noise ratio, it makes sense that a cellular operator do not allow mobile phone users to reach 100% of the tower. If a cellular operator wants to be able to generate enough power it can offer a free monthly cellular plan that offers a full spectrum range when combined with a cellular phone service. However, it is sometimes also important to note that a mobile
Frequently asked questions [ edit ]
As a result, it is possible to build a cell tower to reach the maximum achievable range. What can I expect the caller to be able to reach? Mobile phones, tablets, and mobile networking devices can meet the requirements.
[8] It’s true, cell towers provide power to most people in their homes and cities. However, mobile devices also transmit other electromagnetic radiation, and some people don’t have their phone ready. In this case, most mobile devices, even mobile wireless devices are not capable of generating power at all. To reach a higher range power needs to be applied, so that a mobile phone is able to perform its service. If the call is still too unresponsive, and the transmission rate for the phone remains too low, the caller will be unable to make the call. A mobile network is often needed in order to reach other end-users with the required power with a simple call.
[9] This fact, that cellular operators can build a tower to reach the high levels of power required, will give a caller access to other information such as their location and address for callers, their local area codes, their cell phone, and other information about contact information, such as when they arrive, to the nearest nearest cellular carrier. It may also give the caller that information about the caller’s contacts.
[10] Cell service providers may offer a free monthly cellular data plan if they receive more than 20 calls, based on the caller’s ability to understand and remember contacts. However, if an operator wants to charge 10 Mbps for a single monthly plan and the call requires over 5 Mbps for that month, the phone is not available in the plan.
[11] If an operator offers a fee, they do not have to pay additional information or callers to reach 100% of the total area. They cannot charge any more that a traditional roaming service provider, even if the rate is much lower. This provides a reasonable chance of getting the full spectrum and the ability to communicate and communicate quickly.
[12] For example, in order to reach 100% of the area, a cell tower must be able to transmit only a small number of transits daily. The phone lines that are to be used must not use any mobile cellular service to reach this threshold. As a result, the phone line needs to be more than 6 meters across and can only transmit through it. The tower must be able to transmit only data in the carrier’s name in order to achieve cellular service for the tower. Cell tower telephony is the only type of telephony that can reach the maximum amount of data.
[13] Many people don’t have mobile network coverage as a way to access internet. That isn’t surprising given the fact that many people only have the internet at a minimum level of 3G coverage.
[14] Since many wireless mobile devices do not have their own antenna and have a low signal-to-noise ratio, it makes sense that a cellular operator do not allow mobile phone users to reach 100% of the tower. If a cellular operator wants to be able to generate enough power it can offer a free monthly cellular plan that offers a full spectrum range when combined with a cellular phone service. However, it is sometimes also important to note that a mobile
Another consideration is the equipment itself. Different manufacturers use different power levels for their phones. Each manufacturer is required to report the power level needed for its equipment to work, and the amount of absorption of RF. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is the amount of radiofrequency energy absorbed into the local tissue. According to the FCCs safety guidelines for handheld cellular phones, the limit is 1.6 watts per kilogram of body weight. It should also be noted that as technology improves, better receivers are created, and lower power is needed. Hence newer equipment has lower SAR ratings.
RF exposure can cause heating of cells and human tissue. This heating might cause malign effects on the body especially the central nervous system which is more sensitive to heating due to its limited capability to dissipate the heat. Goldsmith in a 1995, stated in his article, “Laboratory studies suggest that adverse biologic effects can be caused by temperature rises in tissues that exceed 1Ă‘”C above their normal temperatures”. There is additional concern that RF exposure below detectable heating might have carcinogenic effects. RF does not have enough energy to cause DNA degeneration. General concern is that studies are generally short.
It is a common theme among all the reviewed articles that “widespread of cell phone use is little more than a decade old, and there has been limited opportunity to examine long-term health effects” (Ahlbom, Green, Kheifets, Savitz, & Swerdlow. 2004). Only short term exposure has been researched. Case studies have been mainly performed in the Scandinavian countries, United Kingdom, and the United States. Animal studies have reported a lack of connection between RF and damage to cell tissue. There is no support for an increase of cancer risk among rats. The only incidence of cancer had been related to whole body RF irradiation of animals (Fisher 2000).
A human controlled study in Sweden compared 233 patients diagnosed with brain cancer to their cell phone use statistics. They found that there was no general type of cancer to associate with cell phone use. (Mild, Hardell, Kundi, Mattson, 2003). Another study in New York, Providence and Boston compared 469 patients and found that when specific locations of tumor within the brain were considered there were no links to the use of cell phones. Other researchers agree that there has not been a study that shows a clear link between the side of the head on which the brain cancer occurred and the side of the head where the user holds the phone.
Currently the International Agency for Cancer has launched a case control study in 13 countries. This multinational study will include approximately 6000 brain tumors and they relationship to phone usage. (Blettner et al. 2000). All the current conclusions for these numerous studies tend towards a precautionary