The Knight and the Cart
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The Knight of the Cart
By the end of eleventh century, Western Europe had experienced a powerful cultural revival. The flourish of New towns provided a place for exchange of commerce and flow of knowledge and ideas. Universities, which replaced monasteries as centers of learning, poured urbanized knowledge into society. New technological advances and economics transformations provided the means for building magnificent architectures. These developments were representative of the mental and behavioral transformations that the medieval world underwent and the new relationships that were brought about between men, women and society in the twelfth century. As in technology, science, and scholasticism, Literature was also reborn with a new theme.3
Very different from traditional writings of the past was the new flourish of troubadour poetry. Troubadour poetry, derived of courtly romances, focused on the idea of unrequited love. “A young man of the knightly class loved a lady”, most often, “the lady was married to the young mans lord”. The courtly lover would compose highly lyrical and erotic poems in honor of his lady, and the troubadour was filled with rapture even at the slightest kindness that the lady might offer him.3 This new literary artifice provides us clues to the cultural changes that took place in medieval Europe during this time.
Of the many writers of courtly romance, the most distinguished literature can be found in the work of Chretien de Troyes. Troyes was a native of Eastern Champagne and most of his career was spent the court of Marie de Champagne. He was the inventor of Arthurian literature and the first to speak of Camelot, and write adventures of the Grail.
He may even have been the first to sing the tragic love of Tristan and Isolde. One of Chretein de Troyes works, Chevalier de la Charette (The Knight of the Cart) expresses the doctrines of courtly love in its most developed form. The plot of this story is believed to have been given to him by Marie of Champagne and has been called “the perfect romance” for its portrayal of Queen Guineveres affair with Lancelot of the Lake.1
The elements of courtly love operate at several levels simultaneously in The Knight of the Cart; they are expressed by the behaviors of Lancelot, Queen Guinevere, Meleagant and other characters in the story. Two vividly deployed elements are the concepts of loyalty and honor. Lancelot is shown to be infinitely honorable and loyal in his love to Guinevere, a true and unflinching love. He is tested at various stages in his voyage, such as by the damsel who requires him to sleep with her if he wants hospitality. Lancelot agrees only after pleading with her not to make him sleep with her. He did this not because the girl was unattractive for he states, “Many men would have thanked her five hundred times for such an offer.” He agrees to this act only because he believes that he needs the lodging to rest himself so he can dutifully continue his quest for Guinevere. Yet, Lancelot does not even look at her when she is naked; his lack of interest causes the damsel to relinquish him from his promise. He stays perfectly loyal and faithful to his queen.
Obedience is another factor that constitutes courtly behavior in the story. Lancelot battles arduous combats and suffers severe wounds for the love of Guinevere. However, once throughout his voyage he falters in his obedience to her love, when he comes across a dwarf, driver of a cart, the dwarf tells Lancelot to ride in the cart in exchange for information on Guineveres whereabouts; Lancelot hesitates momentarily before leaping into the cart. Lancelot regrets this moment of hesitation and scolds himself, he argues “ÐReason, who does not follow loves command, told him to beware of getting in and admonished himÐ…Love ordered and wished [he would ride in the cart]Ð…; since love ruled his action, the disgrace should not have mattered.” 2 Lancelot is deeply ashamed and never falters again. His obedience to his love is tested and displayed at the Knights tournament. At the request of Guinevere, he deliberately embarrasses himself in every event to prove his undying obedience. Lancelot purposely looses his battles and is made a fool.
From Lancelots behaviors, we can see the change that has taken place in medieval society. Lancelot, a vassal in King Arthurs court, should be unremittingly loyal, honorable and obedient to the King. Nevertheless, his love for Queen Guinevere has challenged this relationship. Lancelots quest to rescue Guinevere should be for his lord, the King, yet Lancelots mission is for his own love and lust of Guinevere. Lancelot may be considered to be Guineveres knight, rather than King Arthurs. The climax of this change and the final defeat of lord-vassal relationship occurs when Guinevere and Lancelot consummate their love with an adulterous love making; at this point, love is conquered and feudal loyalty is defeated.
Another significant derivation from The Knight of the Cart is the reverence in for chivalry and knighthood. There are two class of knights depicted in the story; Lancelot, the very embodiment of chivalry: courageous, compassionate, selfless and honorable; and Meleagant, a cowardly knight, who battles dishonorably, conduct treacherous deeds and retains crude manners.
Lancelot