Narrative Therapy – Does Modernization Lead to Liberation of Women?
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Salem Metra
Tales of Modernity
Does Modernization Lead to Liberation of Women?
In Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison1, Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo2 and “The Walk” by Josй Donoso3 women are portrayed as strong central figures in the novel. By depicting each woman in each novel as a strong and non-conforming woman the authors represent one of the key factors to modernization; the liberation of women. Through the modernization process not only did cities and governments advanced themselves but this advancement and progress led to more and more women leaving their conventional roles and becoming independent figures not oppressed by men. In each of these stories a woman has modernized herself by not subjugating herself to play the role expected of her by a man. In Song of Solomon we see this in Pilate. As Anne Z. Mickelson states in Contemporary Literary Criticisms v22, Pilate becomes “an economically-independent woman” who is able to “function outside of patriarchal values and rise successfully above social forces which are a constant threat to the black woman”(317)4. In “The Walk” Aunt Mathilda gradually goes through the process of modernization which allows her to leave her brothers home and the duties she was accustomed to there. Finally, in Pedro Paramo Susana San Juan escapes sexual oppression by declaring herself insane. Through this means she is able to get away from the one man who longs for her; Pedro Paramo. By looking at these three women I would like to demonstrate how modernization applies to their specific lives and the worlds around them.
The first central female figure we will take a look at is aunt Mathilda from Jose Donosos “The Walk”. In this story Aunt Mathilda depicts the conventional female role. She lives her every day life cleaning and cooking for her three brothers and nephew. She is presented as the woman who has suppressed her own feelings to serve the men in her family. When the dog is introduced into her life she goes through a process of change. The dog symbolizes her inner self trapped and waiting to be unleashed. Slowly her “repressed intstincts”5 come out through this dog. It is through this dog that she goes through the process of modernization. Before the dog entered her life every night she went to “the bedrooms and turned down the covers on each one of her brothers beds, folding up the bedspreads with her bony hands.”(77). This description describes a very domestic woman. Further in the story she is described as follows, ” She was no longer a woman who walked her dog for reasons of hygiene; out there in the streets, in the city, there was something powerful attracting her”(92). This description of her indicates that Aunt Mathilda has undergone some drastic changes. The “city” seems to be used as the reason she has changed. The narrator states that “there was something powerful attracting her” to allude to the benefits of modernization to women. “Something” as it is called has transformed this woman from a woman who has “dedicated herself to the comfort of those men,” into a woman who “belonged to the noises, to the foghorns, that wafted over docks, dark or lamplit streets, houses, factories, and parks,”(93). It is key that the narrator mentions all the elements that make up the modernized city. Now Aunt Mathilda belongs to this group of things rather than the men she has been serving for so long. By describing Mathilda in this way the narrator makes a point to parallel the process of modernization with the process of liberation of women. It is precisely because of these new things and opportunities that women leave their families behind, which is what Mathilda eventually does. Her lack of emotion before she met the dog represents the oppressed woman who awaits a savior to release her from her life of servitude towards men.5 It is through this dog, which represents the process of modernization, that Mathilda gains her freedom and starts to feel what life has to offer her. Like modernization of the city there are benefits and setbacks to the liberation of Mathilda. Her family is left to suffer behind.
Although Mathilda left her family as a means to liberation, Pilate from Song of Solomon was liberated by becoming the sole provider for her family. Because of her physical shortcomings, not having a navel, her town and many people around her rejected her. After hiding this fact for many years she finally acknowledged it and realized she cannot continue this kind of secret life. She started to display her stomach and slowly she was made an outcast. Yet her physical condition not only makes her different from others it also symbolizes her lack of dependence on others. From this point on in her life, Pilate declared her independence from the conventional roles a woman would have. Even before this point she refused to marry the man who got her pregnant. At this point she was afraid he would find out about her stomach that was missing a navel. She no longer hid this fact and slowly the town she lived in became afraid of her. The first step she takes towards modernizing herself is that “she cut her hair”(149). Next she set herself with a handful of questions that when answered would determine her future. While she walked through the streets “she stared at people” which was very unconventional to do. Once she was determined to make it on her own, she had to decide what to do. “Along with winemaking, cooking whiskey became the way Pilate began to make her steady living”(150). Unlike many other woman Pilate had “no inclination to make love for money”. This is what made her stand out from the conventional woman. She put herself through the process of modernization like no other woman of her time. Like the cities she visited were going through change so was she. She raised her daughter Reba on her own without the assistance of a man. As Anne Mickelson states “Thus Pilate soon enjoys that status so difficult for black women (and white women) to acquire-economic independence.”(317)4 Pilate truly represents the modern woman. A woman who is able to support herself fully is not common in a pre-modern world. For her to accomplish such a thing defines her as a modernized woman in a not so modernized time.
Like Pilate Susana San Juan can also be defined as a modern woman. Her modernity stems from her capability to escape from a mans sexual desire and need for companionship with her. Although in Pedro Paramo we are told that she is insane we never really know if this is true insanity or a smart and convenient way for her to escape submission of her life to Pedro Paramo and God. We see her fathers distress