Major Depressive DisorderEssay Preview: Major Depressive DisorderReport this essayChapter 2This introduces some of this literature, its theories and findings in a way that will inform about engaging depression. This review was written so that the development of the ideas is not only a reflection on the literature, but also on insights from the study.
Major depressive disorder(MDD) affecects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent of the U.S population age18 and older in a given year (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005). MDD affect approximately 7% of the general population in a given year and is the most common cause of disability in the United States. The disorder is costly, with over $44 billion a year in direct and indirect costs in this country(Cross, 2007).
In a local study by Batar of 6,323 patients using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), nationwide prevalence of depression was 31%. Those aged 51 to 65 and 65 above, those on first visit and those earning monthly income of Php 50,000 and below were significantly more likely to be depressed. Prevalence rate of depression was highest in Iloilo and Southern Luzon, while lowest in the National Capital Region (NCR). On the other hand, nationwide prevalence of anxiety was 36%. Females, 12 to 50 years old, compared to the 51 and older, those on first visit, those earning a monthly income of Php 50,000 and below were significantly most likely to be anxious. Prevalence rate of anxiety was highest in Iloilo, followed closely by Southern Luzon and Northern Central Luzon.
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This is a new publication of the American Psychological Association. Its purpose has been to explore the impact of depression, its impact on individuals of all ages, and its influence on the use and use of medication. In addition to its studies of the role of antidepressants in treatment of depression, its focus is on what the evidence should be on, how these factors affect the way antidepressants affect patients, and their use of medication.
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This is the latest in a series of studies focusing on depression, including one conducted with a small number of patients and published last year. It provides a glimpse into what is known about depression in general, especially those patients with a history of the substance, as well as the effects of medication, on the severity of depression and the consequences of taking a medication. It explores the possible benefits or risks of antidepressants in a more general view of the effects and harms of antidepressants, while also taking into consideration those the results of the studies represent. This paper is the first to examine the effects of antidepressants on depression and to provide some preliminary evidence to guide clinical practice guidelines. The new findings may be especially significant in terms of how antidepressants improve life outcomes. In this regard however the existing literature remains largely inconclusive, particularly in relation to the efficacy of antidepressants in treatment of depression in comparison to a common adverse effect. The only relevant study included in this report is from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDU); the other one does not have a data collection protocol to obtain information on the available evidence.
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This is another study from The Lancet on the effect of antidepressants on mood. It surveyed 11,732 adult men and women aged 15 to 69 years. They were followed for 5 years with a median follow-up of 6 years. The authors found that the association between antidepressant use and the number and intensity of depression increased if the antidepressant was taken regularly. The more frequent it was prescribed, the lower the likelihood of future mood problems. Thus, taking frequent antidepressants improved mood significantly better than taking antidepressants more frequently. The main conclusion was that if the number of antidepressants consumed in a week reduced, this was associated with a decrease in the number of mood symptoms. The second finding was that treatment of depression reduced the symptoms of negative mood disorders. The authors concluded that there is an interaction between the number of antidepressants and the severity of depression.
This is another study from The European Medicines Agency (EMA). The investigators looked at data on patients with cancer using a large proportion of patients. Patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer were found to have more antidepressant use but were less likely to have depressive symptoms. Previous previous research has highlighted the role of antidepressant use as a predictor of depression among cancer patients. In this study, we evaluated the effect of high dose antidepressant administration on depressive symptoms and overall quality of life for 10,400 patients with lung cancer. In
Results from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial showed that depression increases all hospitalization. Anxiety and depression was also linked to increased quality of life in these consequences. Anxiety and depression in COPD patients should be treated according to guidelines. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of patients with these conditions receive treatment. In two studies, fewer than one third of patients we’re receiving appropriate treatment.
Indirect consequences of depression are troublesome as well, and include increased failure to finish high school, likelihood of divorce, and substance abuse(Britton, 2006). Depression can lead to impaired concentration, memory, and attention, and a variety of structural brain abnormalities. Clearly it is not a condition from which we can walk away(Delgado and Scihillestrum, 2009).
Patient care for depression is usually given on an outpatient basis unless there is a significant risk to self or other (Woodill and Wright, 2011). The consenus among researchers is that depression is not a single entity with a single cause. Fasick(2010) says, “It is unlikely that depression is caused by a defect in a single neurotransmitter (NT) pathway, but by a combination of a genetic, biochemical, socio-economic, psychological, environmental, and life-experience factors, with the biggest risk factor being chronic stress.”
Psycho therapeutic approaches to the treatment of depression have a long history, going back at least to Freud and his theories of the unconscious. Freud thought that there was a, similarity between depression and the response to the death of a loved one.
The American Psychiatric Association sees major depressive disorder (MDD) as a mental disorder characterized by an all I encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest of pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The diagnosis of MDD depends on the recognition of the cluster of signs and symptoms that includes “depressed mood, and or lack of interest or pleasure, and at least four symptoms from a list that includes : weight or appetite changes; observable changes in psychomotor activity; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; poor ability t think or concentrate, or make decisions; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide” (Britton, 2006). But, “many more patients are diagnosed with depressive illness, but not specifically MDD because they do not meet the criteria as listed above for MDD” (Bair, Robinson, Katon, and Kreonke). Research in developing countries suggestst that maternal depression may be a risk factor for growth in young children (Rahmab, 2008).
Underperformance at work is also a significant factor (Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health at work: Developing the business case, 2007) because depressive symptoms such as lack of attentionl, memory loss, and difficulties with planning and taking decisions are often overlooked,