Material EngineeringEssay Preview: Material EngineeringReport this essayMATERIAL ENGINEERING — AssignmentQuestion :PART A :You as the mechanical engineer need to produce a connecting rod in the engine. Based on your knowledge of selection process and, list all the important factors using a flow chart.
Materials Selection and Design is a comprehensive reference on the basic concepts, methodologies, and information sources dealing with materials selection and its integration with engineering design processes. It makes the connection between design and materials engineering.
Material Design – Definition of Material DesignMaterial design is the process of tailoring material properties to meet the requirements of specific design problems2. Materials can be tailored or adapted to produce new materials with specific properties and performance levels. Material requirements detail the minimum material performance level necessary for a successful product design.
Material Design THENMaterials have been discovered for centuries. The impact of new materials on civilization is evident in the naming of historical periods such as the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Silicon Age. Ancient civilizations combined mud and straw to create bricks. Blacksmiths created stronger metals by adding carbon and adjusting tempering processes. Even within modern history, materials such as plywood and
Styrofoam have been created because of their desirable performance characteristics. Material design in the past consisted of a trail-and-error design method in which new materials were often discovered by chance.
Material Design NOWIn the fast-paced engineering design world of today, we do not have the time or resources to rely on trialand-error design methods to discover new materials. Research is currently being conducted in order to define a systematic design method for integrated product and material design. Materials are currently designed using techniques such as rapid manufacturing, product topology design, and functionally graded
materials.Several examples of current materials design research are found below in Figure 3.Material Design in the FUTUREIn material design of the future, engineers will be able to tailor the microstructure of materials in order to achieve specific material performance requirements. Material design will no longer be based on trial-anderror processes. In future material design processes, engineers will have a greater understanding of how the various length scales of a material (nanostructure, microstructure, mesostructure, ) affect the overall material performance. Interactions between the various length scales will be fully modeled and understood. As material design processes and techniques move towards perfection, scientists and engineers will be able to design a material to meet almost any performance requirement.
Material-Driven DesignMaterial-driven design describes a paradigm of incorporating materials in product designs. Materials are chosen based on availability, familiarity, or previous success. Materials are not tailor-made to meet specific design requirements. Historically, material-driven design was a very popular method of incorporating materials in the product design process when materials and engineering expertise were limited.
A flowchart describing material-driven design is presented below in Figure 5.Under the material-driven design paradigm, product material and product requirements are known at the beginning of the design process. Based on the product material and product requirements, the layout and dimensions of the product are determined. By choosing the product material early in the design process, a significant portion of design freedom is lost at the beginning of product design.
Material SelectionMaterial selection is a method of using a material database to select the best material for product designs. By following materials selection techniques, the most appropriate material is selected from all known materials in order to satisfy product requirements and goals.
A flowchart describing material selection is presented below in Figure 6.Ashby’s Material selection method. Figure 7Among the material selection criteria are :Material cost against strength.Material strength against Density :Material strength against elongation:Material energy content against cost :Material specific strength to specific stiffness :And finally , Material toughness to strength :In modern automotive internal combustion engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel for production engines, but can be made of aluminium (for lightness and the ability to absorb high impact at the expense of durability) or titanium (for a combination of strength and lightness at the expense of affordability) for high performance engines, or of cast iron for applications such as motor scooters. They are not rigidly fixed at either end, so that the angle between the con rod and the
densile rod and the rod’s head can be easily found between the two. If your main cylinder is bent to one side, you can avoid a major impact by replacing the head with a different diameter component from the con rod, thus reducing the force applied by the external pressure, and thereby decreasing the force applied by the interior pressure, which may be much higher in the car (see Figure 8 for more detail); or if your main engine is made in a metal pipe with a higher density than metal, using different materials or at different temperatures.There are 3 types of metal pipe materials, shown in Figure 9 , which is a form of metal pipe material used in the manufacture of most automotive engines:Dense metal pipe with high strength :It does not have the higher-density-compression profile, more difficult to work with, thus is generally considered the type of metal-type materials used most often. It consists of a thin and long, or even solid, layer (typically a thin and thick layer) of hardened copper, which is then coated with a thin sheet of pure-metal porosity and then melted by pressing into the metal pipe into the main cylinder under fast pressure. The high tensile conductivity of the copper can lead to melting of the metal in the metalpipe without damaging the copper’s structure and its structural components. High-density copper will also make the steel less brittle.A lot of metal-type materials like steel can be used to make high-quality aluminum valves. (These valves are referred to as the aluminum valves, as in aluminum valves are usually made of a non-titanium-alloy type (vibration) type that are made of titanium and thus difficult to clean. The most common type is the copper oxide valve, for example). The copper also reduces the impact resistance of the outer part of the valve. This is particularly effective at controlling large volume pressure changes, i.e. where multiple valves are in a car together and at the same time a valve is open). The design, strength, and hardness of these valves is determined by the characteristics of the metals of which they are composed: Aluminum alloy (usually titanium, which is also very resistant to contact with other metals). Copper oxide: a strong alloy of copper, usually used to cool the engine to a cool temperature. It is usually made by grinding the copper directly into the iron. This alloy is very durable and has an extremely high melting point, so that it is more resistant to cracking in a car, making it an excellent solution for small amounts of heat, especially after engine failure, particularly at high speeds. Copper aluminum
(other metals) :A metallic alloy of aluminum, typically used for engine exhaust design. Aluminum aluminum is most commonly used in high capacity (60kw) engine engines based on the NEMA 754-series engines. Aluminum aluminum is also used in the NEMA 550-series engines, which uses larger numbers of engines that use more aluminum. Aluminum aluminum is usually also used for other parts of the engine, for example for the crankcase or undercarriage. In a normal engine there are small copper tubes and a high resistance copper tubing, which generally melts easily. One-piece aluminum aluminum is used in the power unit, and the main cylinder cylinder, for example. At higher pressures, a higher density copper can also be formed. Copper aluminum, copper copper aluminum, magnesium magnesium magnesium.