Liberalism And Conservatism
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In this paper I will discuss three topics in light of two philosophies which are liberalism and conservatism in contemporary America. First of all I will do some research about the word philosophy and then I will further study about the meaning of political philosophy and then compile my knowledge about the two philosophies. This will be followed by a detailed discussion on the three topics given to be discussed in this paper in light of Conservatism and Liberalism.
A philosophy is a complicated detailed system of ideas about human nature and the reality of the world which the humans have inhibited. Philosophy provides guidelines for living and discusses basic issues. Philosophy raises the deepest and widest questions in human mind. “There is no one philosophy worldwide, as there are many minds there are many philosophies”.1 Now lets understand the meaning of political philosophy. “Political philosophy is the study of human social organization and of the nature of man/woman in society”.2 This is a study of very important and basic questions about the government, type of government , system of government ,role of government, state, role of state, justice, right , law , freedom, liberty ,property, rights, politics, economics, welfare , growth and many more topics. Political philospohies aim to maintain the best balance between individual rights, freedom, obligations of the state, power of the State, governmental structure, electoral procedures, and the rule of Law, economic concerns and many more issues. Change cannot be avoided in a society, government, public policies and in every other aspect throughout the political world. Political philosophies should aim to seek these changes at a normal pace that helps to achieve progress. These changes have to be well balanced, therefore they should not be too fast and result in destruction of stability and order or too slow and result in stagnation. There are many political philosophies but I will shed some light only on two important political philosophies in America which are liberalism and conservatism. What does liberalism and conservatism mean? Liberalism was derived from the Latin word “Liberare” meaning set free and French word “libre” meaning free. While conservatism was derived from a Latin word “conservare” meaning to preserve and a French word “conservateur” which meant an official responsible for the protection of certain rights and charged with the guardian of certain public property. These were the meanings understood from these words in the early eighteen and nineteen centuries. Now a day these two words are used in contrasting meanings.3 In 1400 after Renaissance liberalism emerged under cultural influence and it promoted individualism. John Lock is considered as the founder of the liberal ideology that has so much influenced politics in the coming centuries. Liberalism was based on ideas that every one is free and can choose to do what he wanted according to his own free will. Liberalism was later divided into modern and classical liberals in nineteenth century and was later further divided. Other meaning of liberalism is openness to progress, change, generosity, tolerance, open-mindedness and willingness to give.4 Liiberal ideology focuses on free markets, individual liberty and reduced role for government. According to liberal views government exists to serve the people and community with limited power. In a liberal society individuals have all the natural rights. Liberals believe that life, liberty and estate belong to individuals. The fundamental purpose of the liberals is to liberate people from oppression although the method of liberation and sources of oppression have been different at different times but mainly liberation is the fundamental purpose of liberal political movements. Liberalism emphasizes protecting individuals from oppressive governments, religious institutions, and oppressive social customs, oppressive traditions and vast economic enterprises. Government is considered as a mean to help individuals achieve a more rewarding and better life. Government is considered to play an important role in shaping human affairs and society. Conservatism was formed in England in 1830. Conservatism originally developed as a response to the persuasive new ideology of liberalism. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) is considered as the founder of conservatism through his writings and speeches. Conservatives soul aim is to preserve traditional values and customs of the past. “Conservatives want to defend particular forms of human identity and connectedness. For conservatives, the need for these forms of identity and “relatedness” is an unchanging part of our human nature”.5 Conservatism emphasize on maintaining order and stability within society. Government is considered as an important institution for maintaining order and stability. Conservative ideology is community-based by nature and opposes the emphasis on individualism. This characteristic of conservatism distinguishes it from the liberalism. Conservatism was developed as a reaction to liberalism and the rejection of the past as valuable. Conservatism holds the past very valuable and consideres any form of change specially planed change as a threat. Whereas liberalism embraces societal and governmental change important and beneficial. Conservatism does not accept altering of institutions and societal values. Among conservatives the traditions and values remain constant and without change. Conservatives believe in a system of strong belief, customs and traditions. They strongly believe that this system provides the people a sense of belongingness and loyalty which bind members of society together. This loyalty in return develops a sense of duty and responsibility and develops a better society. Conservatives believe that people need to be part of the society and culture and they should hold there values very important. A conservative society should be made of people who love their institutions and traditions and should have strong ties with social values, arts, culture, sciences, customs, religious traditions, economic practices, human relationships and social values like marriage and family values. Like other ideologies, conservatism has also branched in different directions with the passage of time. Basically in the contemporary political world of United States several philosophies are studied but in this paper I will discuss liberalism and conservatism.
First topic to discuss in this paper is the point of view of liberalism and conservatism regarding the ways to grow economy. Liberalism has many strategies for the growth of economy. In early ages liberalism dealt with economy by decreasing government involvement in economic matters and did not imply any restrictions on manufacturing, commerce, tariffs and trade. The best way for a nations economy