Essay About Membrane-Bound Components Of The Cell And Hydrolytic Enzymes

Endomembrane System and Cytoskeleton Vocab Notes
Essay Preview: Endomembrane System and Cytoskeleton Vocab Notes
Report this essay
Endomembrane System and cytoskeleton Membrane: A pliable sheet-like structure acting as a boundary, lining, or partition in an organismAlways enclose a space (cisterna or vesicle)Never open ended unless damaged Biological membranes move from T-junctionsConsistency of olive oil in water, therefore no stiff barriers Endomembrane System: System of compartments that generally includes all of the membrane-bound components of the cell (including the nuclear envelope) except for the mitochondria and chloroplastCisternae: Flattened, fluid filled tubules within the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of membranous sacs extending throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell (usually flat and sheet like but can be linked by tubular cisternae). Rough ER → Smooth ERMembrane cisternae that ramify through the cytoplasm. The result is internal compartments and channels Provides surfaces for the synthesis of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Connected to nuclear envelope Rough ER: Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes and involved the synthesis of proteins to be exported from a cell Smooth ER: Lacks attached ribosomes  Golgi Apparatus: Stacks of four to ten disc shaped cisternae functioning in the synthesis of polysaccharides, glycosylation of proteins and the sorting of molecules for storage or secretion Golgi Stacks: functional extensions of the ER and are polar structures All the polysaccharide in cells is manufactured within the Golgi apparatus Polysaccharide may be attached to either protein or lipid molecules in the golgi stacks Functions in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized elsewhere in the cell Lysosomes: Membrane-bound component of a cell containing hydrolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown and recycling of many types of molecules → attached to the golgi apparatus Single membrane bound Autophagy: A process where cellular material becomes enclosed in a double membrane and degraded (macromolecules broken down into protein, carbohydrate, lipid and nucleic acid)Acidic interior containing specialized enzymes Microbodies: Main organelles for removing compounds generated within the cellSurrounded by one membrane Neutral pH: contain oxidative enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme catalase to break down the hydrogen peroxide Spherical in shape and contains crystalline inclusions  Peroxisomes: Type of microbody contains enzymes and is involved in the production and degradation of peroxides and oxidation of amino acids and uric acid Glycoxysomes: Contains 5 enzymes and is involved in the conversion of fatty acids into sugars Plant Vacuoles: Plant version of lysosomes Tonoplast: single membrane Contains hydrolytic enzymes and serves as degradative compartments Storage of nutrients, pigments and maintenance of cell turgor pressure Cytoskeleton: Network of microtubules, microfilaments (actin) and intermediate filaments (eukaryotic cell) Act as a form of scaffolding or as structural elements within the cytoplasm of cells, and are associated with maintaining cell shapeMovement of organelles within the cytoplasm and cell movement Composed of PROTEIN not membrane Microtubule: Hollow protein filament composed of tubulin proteins (tubulin sub units)Actin Filament: Globular protein (actin sub units)Form stiff structures that do not branch or contract Polymerize and depolymerize to satisfy the cells needs Polar and highly dynamic structures Intermediate filament: Provides mechanical support to the cell. Intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments