The Ironclads: Gunboats Deliver The Mississippi And The Civil War
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The Mississippi River system was the highway of the western part of the Confederate and United States. At the beginning of the war, the South controlled the Mississippi from the meeting of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers at Cairo, Illinois to New Orleans, Louisiana. There were several important rebel strongholds along the Mississippi, including Memphis, Island Number Ten, on the Tennessee-Kentucky border, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Union realized that controlling the Mississippi River was essential to their strategy because doing so would divide the South and constrain the movement of troops and supplies from western states.
Having realized the importance of controlling the western rivers, the Union then realized that it needed an inland navy to do this successfully. Samuel M. Pook designed the original river-based ironclads for the Department of War, which intended for construction in Cincinnati. These ships were paddle boats with most of their armor and heavy guns in the front, and thinner iron plating and smaller guns on the sides. After much convincing, the construction site was moved further south to avoid the shallows of the Ohio River. The Department of War commissioned James B. Eads, who had made a fortune before the war raising sunken ships from the Mississippi, to build ironclads specially designed for rivers. Eads built the first seven such ironclads for the Union on the St Louis banks of the Mississippi River in just over 100 days. Although it was not the first launched, St. Louis was the first of the gunboats to be outfitted and commissioned. Therefore, to the St. Louis goes the honor of being the first gunboat in the service of the United States.
The first task of this fleet of ironclads was to take Forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers respectively. General Ulysses S. Grant, and Commodore Andrew H. Foote, where in command of the western front of the war at the time and planned for the group of river-based ironclads to shell the forts and for the ground forces to move in. The river-based ironclads became known as “Footes Flotilla,” Fort Henry was taken with ease before the ground forces had even arrived by four river-based ironclads, the USS Essex, USS Cincinnati, USS Carondelet, and USS St. Louis. The ground force that Grant had landed with the intent of attacking the fort had been unable to advance due to the heavily wooded terrain and high water that flooded the shoreline. The bombardment by the gunboats disabled the Forts big guns and convinced General Lloyd Tilghman, the Forts Commander, that he could not continue to hold his position. One of the Confederate officers reported that the attack of the gunboats “exceeded in terror anything that the imagination had pictured of shot and shell.” However, since Fort Donelson was perched on a high cliff, the ironclads sustain too much damage to be of any use in taking it in their attack. The protective armor of these ships was designed to deflect shots fired at the same level, the Forts artillery firing from above, exposed a weakness of these ships. Instead the capture of Fort Donelson was accomplished by Grants ground forces.
The method used by the ironclads in shelling the southern forces in most of the battles was simple. The ironclads would line up side by side with their heavily armored ends facing the object of their fire. They would fire in succession, with the one on the left firing, then the one next to it, and on down the line, until the end was reached, and the process started over. The advantage to this was that it enabled continuous fire, with one gun firing while the others reloaded.
The next rebel stronghold heading south on the Mississippi was Island Number Ten on the Tennessee-Kentucky border. Island Number Ten was located at a double bend in the Mississippi River. Shaped like the capital letter “N”, Island No. 10 at the southeast corner of the bend and the town of New Madrid, Missouri at the northwest corner of the bend. (See Appendix 1: Maps) The Confederate Army had batteries on the island and on the east side of the river from the northwest bluff to the shore opposite the island.
The bluff extending to the southeast corner of the bend was a swamp. The Union knew that it wouldnt be able to capture the island without first having the bank of the river south or east of it. The Union excavated a canal through the swamp from the northeast corner of the bend to New Madrid, which was deep enough for troop transports but not ironclads. Union troops were able to occupy New Madrid, but were unable to get across the river due the Confederate batteries there. They needed the aid of ironclads to get across the river, but the ironclads were unable to get past Island Number Ten during the day because their flanks had little armor to protect then from the rebel fire from the island. The experienced river men padded the vulnerable sides with sacks of coal and stacks of cordwood while wrapping some lightly armored areas with iron chain for additional protection. Then under the cover of night, fog and storm, the USS Carondelet and the USS Pittsburgh ran past the Confederate batteries. They then proceeded to destroy the rebel works on the bluff opposite New Madrid. This allowed the Union troops to cross the river and approach the Fort on Island Number Ten from behind, which quickly collapsed.
The next Confederate stronghold heading was Memphis, Tennessee. Fort Pillow was located eight miles above Memphis, and the ironclad gunboats began shelling it on April 14. Despite attempts by a fleet of Confederate ramming ships, Foote captured Fort Pillow on May 4, followed by Fort Randolph, a little further down on the river. The Confederate ramming ships were essentially swift steamboats with a few guns and limited armor. These ramming vessels were designed to outmaneuver slower gunboats and ram into them. Foote was able to defeat the Confederate ships due to the aid of a similar group of eight Union ramming vessels, which were not equipped with guns and we therefore lighter and faster. The swifter Union rams combined with fire from ironclad gunboats were able to sink the rebel rams, and subsequently take Memphis.
Jefferson Davis said that Vicksburg, Mississippi was, “the nail head that held the Souths two halves together.” Vicksburg was located high above the Mississippi on a cliff, and it was surrounded by bayous. On May 17, 1863, U.S. Grant laid siege on the city after months of circumventing the bayous and defeating many Confederate forces. Having done this, he ordered the flotilla of ironclads to begin shelling the city on May 21. On July 3, the Confederate forces surrendered to Grants forces. These were the major victories of Union ironclads in the Mississippi River system. The other group of ironclads in the American