Pacific Tsunami Warning CenterEssay Preview: Pacific Tsunami Warning CenterReport this essayThe Pacific Tsunami Warning CenterOn Sunday, December 26, 2004 a tsunami swept through southern Asia killing 220,000 people, leaving millions of others homeless, and completely destroying the public health system in Indonesia (“Mini paper par1”). ¬The tsunami was caused by an undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean (“Asias devastation” 9) hitting Indonesia, especially Banda Aceh, the hardest (“Mini paper” par1). The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) claimed that they were able to detect the earthquake (33), between 90 and 150 minutes before the tsunami actually reached shore (“The cruel sea” 16). However, they could not warn people to move out because of communication problems in the areas (16). Although there are many high technologies that the PTWC uses in order to minimize the time to detect tsunamis and warn people in dangerous areas, it is worthless if those areas do not have communication channels.
The PTWC was created in response to the 1946 tsunami in Hawaii (Dudley & Lee 1). On April 1, 1946, an 8.6 magnitude earthquake occurred because of the movement of the sea bottom at the Aleutian Trench (1). As a result, 155 feet high tidal waves were created heading toward Hawaii (1). The hardest hit area was Hilo (5). The tsunami, 8.1 meters high upon reaching Hawaii, completely destroyed Hilos Waterfront building and killed 159 people (George par7). Moreover, at Pololu Valley, on the island of Hawaii, a school at Laupahoehoe Point and the Puumaile Tuberculosis Hospital, east of Hilo, were completely destroyed by the tsunami (par7). The tsunami not only killed more than 165 people (Dudley & Lee 5), but also cost $26 million (1946 dollars) to the county (George par8). Although, the University of Hawaii and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) were both able to detect the earthquake in Alaska (Dudley & Lee 5), no warning system was in place to warn the population (5). Thus, the PTWC was built in Pacific Ocean to detect and warn of the killer waves.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) was established in 1949 at Ewa Beach, Hawaii (“Pacific Tsunami Warning Center” par6). In 1965, the PTWC became an international program, which consists of 26 Member States (“The Tsunami Warning system” par2) over-seen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric (NOAA). The Member States are organized as the International Coordination Group for PTWC (“The Tsunami Warning System” par2). Any tsunami warning system consists of two major parts which are a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communication channel (par1). In addition, the PTWC uses two kinds of information to detect possible tsunamis, seismic data and oceanographic data (par6).
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and Pacific Tsunami Warning Network (PTWC®) have been under development for over a decade. They will use the latest methods to detect potentially hazardous events, assess the hazards in a natural disaster area, and provide a common communication mechanism for all Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) members. In their application to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and Pacific Tsunami Warning Network, the Joint Chiefs of Staff will establish standards, coordinate communication with others, and provide information from across the Pacific Ocean as well as a framework to inform future developments in the field. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC®) will be one of only two Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, as part of its own mission.
The International Maritime Organization and Pacific Tsunami Warning Network (PIWS®) have long used a variety of methods to warn the public about potential danger by monitoring seismic activity. The PIWS® has established a policy to avoid direct access to faults and seismic activity that may cause significant earthquakes in all Pacific Ocean regions and coastal states. They will use the most current methods to protect public safety, and are working to develop comprehensive seismic monitoring and monitoring measures in each region. A central source of seismic risk in this area will be a warning system available by PWS members to all of the above organizations.
The United States is strongly committed to the protection of all Pacific Tsunami Warning Centers (PTWC®) including PTWC-led missions such as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Program. Our goal is for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the PTWC® to provide information to the public and the private sector about the potential hazards to Pacific waters and a comprehensive system that can be identified and addressed in order to protect against any future accidents.
In the coming years, our PTWC® and PIWS® will collaborate with a range of private sector partners and have plans to conduct a range of outreach campaigns as required to address the threat posed by a rising number of earthquakes and possible nuclear reactions.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has the capacity to issue its emergency alerts to a wide spectrum of organizations, including the public, and it is committed to implementing these alerts when necessary.
| In 2016, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) received a 6-fold increase in international, global and local earthquakes.
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center surveys and provides information to the public and private sector throughout the Pacific Ocean. The PNC is not responsible for any direct, indirect, or consequential injuries and damage arising from the conduct, handling, or operation of any part thereof that may occur with, or in any way or form during, the reporting, interpretation or administration of or access to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, the PIWS®, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Network (PIWS®), or the PTWC-led Pacific Tsunami Warning Program from time to time (including updates, updates to forecasted locations, and a range of other activities), and from the conduct of or in connection with these activities. The PNC is not responsible for any direct, indirect, or consequential injuries and damage arising from the conduct, handling, or operation of any part thereof that may occur with, or in any way or form during
Pacific Tsunami Risk Management Plan 1. The Pacific Tsunami Risk Management Plan (PGRM) 2. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coordinating Center for Pacific Tsunami and Ocean Weather 3. The National Weather Service (NSW) Coordinating Center for Pacific Tsunami and Ocean Weather (CSOW) 4. A tsunami assessment report issued by the National Tsunami Center (PNCo) at a regional, national, national, and local level. […] The Pacific Tsunami Risk Management Plan (PGRM) is intended to manage the information from all the ocean and sea environment associated with most major disaster-related events occurring in the Pacific. It is expected, under the appropriate classification of a regional tsunami event, that the P.M. is not based solely upon a technical report released by a number of Pacific-wide groups, each operating as an integrated, self-evaluating group. The current record for such a P.M. is based upon the 2007-08, 2005-06, and 2008-09 P.M. reports, with the exception (although not limited to) the 2003-04, 2002-03 P.M. reports, and the 1992-23, 1991-95 and 1990-94 P.M. reports. The P.M. is based principally on Pacific-wide, peer-reviewed and state-approved studies by the N.S.F. and the N.C.D.A. and on other studies by NOAA-designated representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The P.M. includes data for all of the three states of California, Hawaii, Washington and Oregon. The P.M. also includes data from three other U.S. Pacific regions, including California, Maine, Washington and Oregon, the region of California bordering Canada. The P.M. data are available online in PDF format. Data used within this P.M. are from the current National Tsunami Center (PNCo) and the National Weather Service (NSW). A. The P.M. includes a combination of local and international data that encompasses the event activity (up to 1,500 feet) and the ocean-wide trends over time. 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coordinating Center for Pacific Tsunami and Ocean Weather NOAA is responsible for coordinating the NOAA’s activities under the supervision of the National Tsunami Alert Center (PMARC) and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PKWN). Both N.S.F. and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PPWB) have developed the PMARC’s online tsunami risk reporting form. See the PMARC’s Web page for information on the National Tsunami Center’s web form available online or by calling toll- Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and Pacific Trench Marine Warning Warning Network (PTWTNN®) are a U.S. military based initiative initiated in 1978. These three inter alia organizations, including the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, are: TWA (United States Navy), Pacific Tsunami Warning Network (PWC®), and TUN-US (U.S. Navy). They assist Pacific Tsunami Warning Center members worldwide by conducting research for each other’s information infrastructure, monitoring trends, identifying threats, and planning for future activities. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is an International center which encompasses over a dozen islands and coastal areas, and operates under the authority of US Naval Command (USN) and US Department of Energy. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is one of only two Pacific Tsunami Warning Centers that are not part of the Pacific Ocean system. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTC) is the national information gathering center for Pacific Tsunami Warning (PNW) members serving throughout the United States, the Caribbean and North America. It is coordinated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Defense Integrated Communications Network (DIPN). While it is primarily a Pacific Tsunami Warning center it will serve Hawaii, Hawaii-Tunami Warning and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and other U.S. territories. In addition, it will have a number of other Pacific Tsunami Warning Centers for other countries and continents. In addition, it will have a variety of other operations to detect, prevent and recover tsunamis. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. All tsunami warning systems use seismic data to detect earthquakes that can create tsunamis (“Tsunami warning system” par6). However, the PTWC is different in that it will compare this data with oceanographic data (par6) by checking tide gauge stations, which can minimize false alarms (“Tsunami warning system” par6). Oceanographic data is sent from the mooring system called the Deep – ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) (par7). DART was established by NOAAs Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory (PMEL) in 1955 (DART, “Background” 1 par1). At present, there are six stations in Pacific Ocean five of which are in the North Pacific and one in the South Pacific (“Getting word” par16). The objective of DART is to detect tsunamis before tsunamis reach shore (“Tsunami warning system” par8). The DART system consists of the bottom pressure recorder (BPR) and surface buoy (DART, “Mooring system” par1). The bottom pressure recorder (BPR) or DART bottom package, with a two year life, is located at 6,000 meters under sea-level (DART, “Bottom package” par1). Moreover, the BPR is designed to be free from a surface buoy (par1). The most important thing is that the system can detect water-level changes of less than 1 centimeter (cm) and can compare all data with predicted values (DART, “System overview” par2). Furthermore, the BPR has event and standard data reporting modes (par2). At standard mode or no tsunamis, the BPR will send four 15 second averaged data every hour (par1). However, if 2 of the 15 second data are higher than the expected value, BPR will turn to Tsunami Response Mode (par2). In Tsunami Response Mode, BPR will send data every 15 seconds to the PTWC (par2). The other major part of DART is the Surface buoy (par1). The surface buoy, with a standard life of one year, is used for real time communication with the PTWC by transmitting the data via the GOES Satellite (DART, “System development” par1). The GOES satellite, which has a self-timed communications channel, is used to show open sea waves and send the data to the PTWC (“DART system development” par1). If the PTWC detects an earthquake, PTWC geophysicists can check an e – mail from the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) about the earthquake (“Pacific Tsunami Warning Center” par4). However, if NEIC has not sent an e – mail report about the earthquake, PTWC geophysicists will log onto NEIC system and use data from National Seismic Network (NSN) (par4). After that, the PTWC will forecast and warn areas in danger about the coming tsunamis by issuing bulletins (par6). The third major part of the DART network is the “portrait” layer. Each major piece of the DART network, with the exception of the “portrait” layer, consists of a layer of satellites that is able to gather information about the other major channels using data from several different sources (par1). On the other hand, the “portrait” layer is where data gathered from four key sources, such as satellite data and maps. A satellite data center usually has just one main satellite data center (including its main fiber) running, but there may be a second or third satellite data center running that is completely independent of both main fiber. In some areas, these three satellites may exist in a single location, yet the main satellite data center may be different, or that satellite may need to be operated at different time periods. For instance, a satellite receiving data from two different sub-dows may be operating different satellites, without the primary satellite being used during each, or an old satellite data center may need to be re-established on its own to provide additional satellite data. All satellite data are transmitted via the GOES system, including both the main and the secondary satellite data centers. “Portrait” layers are where various data centers of different layers (except for the “portrait” layer which is a special layer for the “portrait” layer) have to be connected and can provide reliable information. For navigation in remote areas, a satellite data center or a satellite satellite data center can be the first location to be contacted, and may be the first location to be moved to a different location. The fourth major part of the network is the “parallel” layer. Each major piece of the DART network consist of a common source of satellite data that provides information about one or more channels in the other major channels (par1) of data sharing. The para-graph of the satellite data that a satellite data center gathers or sends (and where it could send it) includes a description of the satellite channel being monitored and information concerning the location of the other channels (par1). The para-graph of the satellite data that a satellite data center gathers or sends (and where it could send it) includes the description of the satellite channel being monitored and information pertaining to the location of the other channels (par1). The para-graph of the satellite data that a satellite data center gathers or sends (and where it could send it) includes the description of the satellite channel being monitored and information pertaining to the location of the other channels (par1). (a)The term “parallel is a term employed to describe the spatial relationship between the satellites and each other. The term “parallel is a term used to describe the spatial relationship between the satellites and each other. The term “parallel in this context is meant not only to describe how the data of one satellite reflects that of another satellite, but also is meant specifically to describe how spatial patterns of light, energy and energy-compare. But in the same way, this analogy of “parallel is meant not only to describe how we may interact with data as well as the spatial relationships between them There are four basic types of information in Pacific Tsunami Warning which are the Pacific – wide Tsunami Warning Bulletin, Regional Tsunami Warning/Watch Bulletin, Tsunami Information Bulletin and Tsunami Communication test (par20). The Pacific – wide Tsunami Warning Bulletin is issued when tsunamis destroy local areas or the Pacific coastal areas (par20). Pacific – wide Tsunami Warning Bulletin is issued to all PTWC members participating areas on Pacific Ocean (par20). The bulletin will update each hour until the tsunami stops devastating the areas or cancelled (par20). The second bulletin is the Regional Tsunami Warning/Watch Bulletin (par21). This bulletin is issued to alert the possibility of tsunamis and advise to all participants areas after the system detect earthquake more than 7.5 magnitude quake in Pacific Ocean (7.0 magnitude quake in Aleutian Island) (par21). Moreover, Regional Tsunami Warning/Watch Bulletin usually predicts arrival time of the first tsunamis at the specific areas (“The Tsunami Warning System” par3). The bulletin will update hourly until it is cancelled or moved to Pacific wide Tsunami Warning Bulletin (“Pacific Tsunami Warning Center” par21). The third bulletin is Tsunami Information Bulletin (par22). Pacific Tsunami Warning Center And Ptwc Uses. (October 3, 2021). Retrieved from https://www.freeessays.education/pacific-tsunami-warning-center-and-ptwc-uses-essay/ |