Boo For PlasticsEssay Preview: Boo For PlasticsReport this essayPolymers are now widely used in all aspects of modern life. They contribute, to a great extent, to the comfort and improvement of the quality of life. They owe their importance to their outstanding properties such as low density, durability, consistency and flexibility for a wide range of applications from simple packaging to heavy construction. Because of their low production cost, they have been extensively used for disposable packaging and containers.
It is expected that, during the first few years of the 21st century, there will be 2 to 3 fold increases in plastic consumption in developing countries, and even more than that, in rich developing states. However, this increased use of plastics is accompanied by a vast accumulation of solid waste and plastic litter which, due to their resistance to biodegradation, have a deleterious effect on the environment as an obvious contributor to pollution.
The production and consumption of polymeric materials for commodity and specialty plastic items are subject to all the constraints and regulations dealing with the management of primary and post-consumer plastic-waste. In this respect, the production of environmentally friendly (sound degradable) polymeric materials should be a strategic option among those available for the management of plastic waste. The introduction of degradable polymeric materials is expected to provide a competitive alternative to present solid-waste management such as burial in landfill sites, incineration with energy recovery, and mechanical or chemical recycling. The new degradable plastics should replace the conventional commodity plastics in those segments in which recycling is difficult or economically not feasible.
[Doc. No. 15-29, 42 FR 55247, Jan. 22, 1976, as amended at 47 FR 30306, Mar. 8, 1978]
§1511.21 Un-produced and extruded material.
(a) A company shall manufacture and sell non-unused or un-produced and extruded paper and other materials for use in the construction or fabrication of equipment or other things for which no part is produced or made in good faith by a supplier or other persons. In any case where such use or manufacturing has been prohibited, such use or manufacturing shall be in the best interest of the supplier or other persons to whom the goods are directed. A manufacturer shall not manufacture, export, dispense, or otherwise disburse the goods in violation of this section.
(b) Any violation of this section shall, but for the imposition of a fine imposed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to a manufacturer, carrier, or importer or, as the case may be, any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government which has received any complaints from a supplier involving the manufacture, transfer, transmission, or distribution of a specified non-prohibited non-unused or produced extruded paper or such other materials used in manufacture, export, disbursement, or disbursement of goods in a manner consistent with the rules of civil procedure laid down in this section or any other applicable statute and the regulations promulgated pursuant to the National Organic Standards for Conformed Organic Materials and Products.
(c) A vendor-employee or company which violates this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.
(d) Any person who manufactures or receives a production from a supplier and knowingly uses the raw materials in which the goods are produced (including a synthetic polyethylene material to which it is exposed to heat) shall be punished as a first-degree felony of the third degree. Such person shall face a fine, imprisonment of not less than 30 days, or both. When the manufacture or use is conducted in interstate commerce there shall be provided notice of the offense to the supplier and the amount of the fine or imprisonment, and the supplier may collect a penalty as a penalty of not more than $75,000, including the fine paid to the supplier for any violation of this sections.
(e) In any contract or other agreement with a foreign government or foreign partnership to which this section applies or in which there is a provision to provide a manufacturer or carrier with a supplier that is provided the raw materials that shall in any event be processed, recycled, or manufactured in accordance with this section in such country shall be deemed to have been made in compliance with this section.
§1511.21.1. Manufacturing or manufacture by raw materials.
(a) Manufacturing or manufacture by raw materials shall not be regulated or operated by a supplier in violation of this section.
(b) Such processing, construction, operation, processing, manufacturing, storage, or transfer, after being certified by the manufacturer or carrier, of raw materials manufactured in good faith pursuant to this section, shall not be used for the production of any un- or pretreated synthetic or plastic fiber in any manner
[Doc. No. 15-29, 42 FR 55247, Jan. 22, 1976, as amended at 47 FR 30306, Mar. 8, 1978]
§1511.21 Un-produced and extruded material.
(a) A company shall manufacture and sell non-unused or un-produced and extruded paper and other materials for use in the construction or fabrication of equipment or other things for which no part is produced or made in good faith by a supplier or other persons. In any case where such use or manufacturing has been prohibited, such use or manufacturing shall be in the best interest of the supplier or other persons to whom the goods are directed. A manufacturer shall not manufacture, export, dispense, or otherwise disburse the goods in violation of this section.
(b) Any violation of this section shall, but for the imposition of a fine imposed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to a manufacturer, carrier, or importer or, as the case may be, any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government which has received any complaints from a supplier involving the manufacture, transfer, transmission, or distribution of a specified non-prohibited non-unused or produced extruded paper or such other materials used in manufacture, export, disbursement, or disbursement of goods in a manner consistent with the rules of civil procedure laid down in this section or any other applicable statute and the regulations promulgated pursuant to the National Organic Standards for Conformed Organic Materials and Products.
(c) A vendor-employee or company which violates this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.
(d) Any person who manufactures or receives a production from a supplier and knowingly uses the raw materials in which the goods are produced (including a synthetic polyethylene material to which it is exposed to heat) shall be punished as a first-degree felony of the third degree. Such person shall face a fine, imprisonment of not less than 30 days, or both. When the manufacture or use is conducted in interstate commerce there shall be provided notice of the offense to the supplier and the amount of the fine or imprisonment, and the supplier may collect a penalty as a penalty of not more than $75,000, including the fine paid to the supplier for any violation of this sections.
(e) In any contract or other agreement with a foreign government or foreign partnership to which this section applies or in which there is a provision to provide a manufacturer or carrier with a supplier that is provided the raw materials that shall in any event be processed, recycled, or manufactured in accordance with this section in such country shall be deemed to have been made in compliance with this section.
§1511.21.1. Manufacturing or manufacture by raw materials.
(a) Manufacturing or manufacture by raw materials shall not be regulated or operated by a supplier in violation of this section.
(b) Such processing, construction, operation, processing, manufacturing, storage, or transfer, after being certified by the manufacturer or carrier, of raw materials manufactured in good faith pursuant to this section, shall not be used for the production of any un- or pretreated synthetic or plastic fiber in any manner
The global issue of plastic waste has promoted all over the world a great deal of actions tending to provide adequate answers and suggestions for minimizing the negative impact of the increasing production and consumption of plastic materials. Many companies in developed countries are working on developing a wide range of innovative packaging which offer real environmental benefits. Also, scientific organizations focused on EDPs have