Key Terms of Chapters 19 – 24: Ethel Woods Essential Ap Coursebook
Essay Preview: Key Terms of Chapters 19 – 24: Ethel Woods Essential Ap Coursebook
Report this essay
Key Terms: Chapters 19 – 24
CHAPTER 19
Terms and Concepts
Investiture: controversy over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and 12th centuries.
1073 – 1085, Pope Gregory VII ended lay investiture, where rulers could appoint church officials.
1056 – 1106, Emperor Henry IV challenged policy, was excommunicated.
Result: German princes independence, emperors diminished authority.
Frederick Barbarossa tried to conquer Lombardy, in n Italy, but pope interfered and showed superiority once again.
Excommunication: no longer recognizing a person or group of people as part of an organized religion.
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.
Hanseatic League (Hansa):
Chivalry
Waldensians: despised Roman Catholic clergy – corrupt and immoral – advocating modest and simple lives. Asserted right of laity to preach and administer sacraments, criticized Bible.
Some still survive today!
Cathars: group who rejected Roman Catholic teachings and adopted heretical views of a world in a good v evil scenario. Those who wanted perfect life went ascetic, revoked marriage and meat.
Pope Innocent III destroyed them through military campaign; gone by 15th century.
Franciscans & Dominican: orders of mendicants, with no personal possessions and begged for food to those who they preached to. Active in urban areas, combating heretical beliefs.
Guilds
Cathedral Schools
Universities
People
William of Normandy: In 1066, Duke William of Normandy conquered England from descendants of Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic peoples; became William the Conqueror. Ruled over England with a Norman-style feudal system, much stricter than that of Capetian France.
Crusades:
Peter the Hermit: traveled in Europe and organized a ragtag army for Crusades . Set out for Palestine with no training, supplies, or weapons.
Pope Urban II: called Christian knights to take up arms and seize the holy land, 1095.
Saladin: reorganized the Turks and took back Jerusalem from the Crusaders in the 12th century.
First Crusade: successfully captured Jerusalem for about a century
Fourth Crusade: captured Constantinople
Robert Guiscard & Roger Guiscard: led the Reconquest of Sicily from the Muslims.
Eric the Red: founded first Nordic Settlement in England
Leif Ericsson: traveled to modern Newfoundland, called Vinland; there they found plentiful resources. Colony founded in Newfoundland and lasted, but they died or left.
St. Thomas Aquinas: harmonized Aristotle and reason with Christianity.
CHAPTER 20
Tenochtitlan: island in the middle of a lake, Natural defense with lake.
Chinampa: where cultivators tapped water from canals into their crops, like floating islands of crops.
Tula: capital of Tenochtitlan; important city in trade goods. Close relations with other empires. Problems with civil and ethnic strife inside the city tore it down in 1175
Marae: (religious structure) Mahaiatea on Tahiti was a huge step pyramid for religious rituals.
Terms and Concepts
Nan Madol:
Aztlan
Quetzalcoatl: feathered serpent god.
Huitzilopochtli: patron deity of Mexica warriors.
Tezcatlipoca: other main god of Aztecs.
Iroquois Peoples: an agricultural society in the eastern woodlands
a. Five Iroquois nations emerged from Owasco society, 1400 C.E: Mohawk, Oneida, Onongada, Cayuga, Seneca
Chucuito: dominated Andean South America after the twelfth century
a. Cultivation of potatoes; herding of llamas and alpacas were main influx of money. They traded with lower valleys because they needed the goods most; chewed coca leaves for stamina in thin air of Andes
Chimu: powerful kingdom in the lowlands of Peru before the mid-fifteenth century
Inti: sun god of Inca
Virachoca: creator god of Inca
Quipu: mnemonic aide, for record keeping (Incas)
AliInui: high chiefs of Hawaii
Kapu: Pacific Islander “haram;” taboo
People
Itzcoatl: “Obsidian Serpent,” (Itzcoatl) conquered Oaxaca first, then turned to Gulf coast
Motecuzoma I
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
Laamaikahiki
Moikeha
Motecuzoma II
Pachacuti: launched campaigns against neighbors, 1438. Succumbed to Inca power when they controlled all of their irrigation supply.
CHAPTER 21
Melaka: trading city; orderly, strategically located, with reasonable custom fees. Population boomed in Melaka after just a few years in control of the straight.
Prince Henrique
Terms and Concepts
Ilkhanate of Persia
Nestorian Christianity
Sharia
Qadi: judge
Bubonic Plague
Yongle Encyclopedia
Hundred Years