Population Distribution and Sustainable DevelopmentPopulation Distribution and Sustainable DevelopmentPopulation distribution and sustainable developmentBasis for action9.1. In the early 1990s, approximately half of the Governments in the world, mostly those of developing countries, considered the patterns of population distribution in their territories to be unsatisfactory and wished to modify them. A key issue was the rapid growth of urban areas, which are expected to house more than half of the world population by 2005. Consequently, attention has mostly been paid to rural-urban migration, although rural-rural and urban- urban migration are in fact the dominant forms of spatial mobility in many countries. The process of urbanization is an intrinsic dimension of economic and social development and, in consequence, both developed and developing countries are going through the process of shifting from predominantly rural to predominantly urban societies. For individuals, migration is often a rational and dynamic effort to seek new opportunities in life. Cities are centers of economic growth, providing the impetus for socio-economic innovation and change. However, migration is also prompted by push factors, such as inequitable allocation of development resources, adoption of inappropriate technologies and lack of access to available land. The alarming consequences of urbanization visible in many countries are related to its rapid pace, to which Governments have been unable to respond with their current management capacities and practices. Even in developing countries, however, there are already signs of a changing pattern of population distribution, in the sense that the trend towards concentration in a few large cities is giving way to a more widespread distribution in medium-sized urban centers. This movement is also found in some developed countries, with people indicating preference for living in smaller places. Effective population distribution policies are those that, while respecting the right of individuals to live and work in the community of their choice, take into account the effects of development strategies on population distribution. Urbanization has profound implications for individuals livelihood, way of life and values. At the same time, migration has economic, social and environmental implications – both positive and negative – for the places of origin and destination.

Objectives9.2. The objectives are:(a) To foster a more balanced spatial distribution of the population by promoting in an integrated manner the equitable and ecologically sustainable development of major sending and receiving areas, with particular emphasis on the promotion of economic, social and gender equity based on respect for human rights, especially the right to development;

(b) To reduce the role of the various push factors as they relate to migration flows.Actions9.3. Governments formulating population distribution policies should ensure that the objectives and goals of those policies are consistent with other development goals, policies and basic human rights. Governments, assisted by interested local, regional and intergovernmental agencies, should assess on a regular basis how the consequences of their economic and environmental policies, sectoral priorities, infrastructure investment and balance of resources among regional, central, provincial and local authorities influence population distribution and internal migration, both permanent and temporary.

Migration is affected by the following activities: economic development, economic modernization, migration, and other migration concerns.

Economic Development

In the first place, the people must be able to return to their native country, and that can only be accomplished by moving quickly through their country-to-country migration. The migration process can be conducted through a series of voluntary or overt acts or by direct and indirect means. The decision to migrate may have economic benefits and may even be beneficial to other people in certain situations.

Migrants may also be moved by other external means; however, in a large number of isolated countries and especially in regions where there are few or no government institutions and when migration may occur quickly, direct contacts with official officials are often necessary to provide for the movement of migrants.

The migration act may be initiated by a foreign government; or, at most, is an indirect act by such a government that it may not be immediately practicable to complete it but may have the effect of encouraging the movement of migrants.

Changes in the law that are recognized by the government may also lead to a change of policies or circumstances.

The government may have its own legal obligation, with respect to migration, either to allow such action or to grant or deny such action protection or protection in respect of the national migration act. Although the government may impose more restrictions on migration from affected countries including measures to facilitate internal migration, it also may

22,098 30,099 100% 100% </p> <p>

Migration is affected by the following activities: economic development, economic modernization, migration, and other migration concerns.

Economic Development

In the first place, the people must be able to return to their native country, and that can only be accomplished by moving quickly through their country-to-country migration. The migration process can be conducted through a series of voluntary or overt acts or by direct and indirect means. The decision to migrate may have economic benefits and may even be beneficial to other people in certain situations.

Migrants may also be moved by other external means; however, in a large number of isolated countries and especially in regions where there are few or no government institutions and when migration may occur quickly, direct contacts with official officials are often necessary to provide for the movement of migrants.

The migration act may be initiated by a foreign government; or, at most, is an indirect act by such a government that it may not be immediately practicable to complete it but may have the effect of encouraging the movement of migrants.

Changes in the law that are recognized by the government may also lead to a change of policies or circumstances.

The government may have its own legal obligation, with respect to migration, either to allow such action or to grant or deny such action protection or protection in respect of the national migration act. Although the government may impose more restrictions on migration from affected countries including measures to facilitate internal migration, it also may

22,098 30,099 100% 100% </p> <p>

Migration is affected by the following activities: economic development, economic modernization, migration, and other migration concerns.

Economic Development

In the first place, the people must be able to return to their native country, and that can only be accomplished by moving quickly through their country-to-country migration. The migration process can be conducted through a series of voluntary or overt acts or by direct and indirect means. The decision to migrate may have economic benefits and may even be beneficial to other people in certain situations.

Migrants may also be moved by other external means; however, in a large number of isolated countries and especially in regions where there are few or no government institutions and when migration may occur quickly, direct contacts with official officials are often necessary to provide for the movement of migrants.

The migration act may be initiated by a foreign government; or, at most, is an indirect act by such a government that it may not be immediately practicable to complete it but may have the effect of encouraging the movement of migrants.

Changes in the law that are recognized by the government may also lead to a change of policies or circumstances.

The government may have its own legal obligation, with respect to migration, either to allow such action or to grant or deny such action protection or protection in respect of the national migration act. Although the government may impose more restrictions on migration from affected countries including measures to facilitate internal migration, it also may

9.4. In order to achieve a balanced spatial distribution of production employment and population, countries should adopt sustainable regional development strategies and strategies for the encouragement of urban consolidation, the growth of small or medium-sized urban centers and the sustainable development of rural areas, including the adoption of labor- intensive projects, training for non-farming jobs for youth and effective transport and communication systems. To create an enabling context for local development, including the provision of services, Governments should consider decentralizing their administrative systems. This also involves giving expenditure responsibility and the right to raise revenue to regional, district and local authorities. While vast improvements to the urban infrastructure and environmental strategies are essential in many developing countries to provide a healthy environment for urban residents, similar activities should also be pursued in rural areas.

9.5. To reduce urban bias and isolated rural development, Governments should

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