To Lie On The BottomEssay Preview: To Lie On The BottomReport this essayMatthew SmallHistory of the HolocaustProf. Bemporad12/3/07вЂ?To Lie on the Bottom’There is a reason that World War II and the Holocaust are considered turning points in human history, a point from which everything changed: philosophy, art, music, film, architecture, politics, history, even the very concept of humanity was altered in an often imperceptible way. Something in us died; extinguished by a darkness so all-encompassing and cold that all hope and beauty and reason and love could not survive it, nothing could, not even God himself. This darkness, this ephemeral force worse than death eventually destroyed Primo Levi, but what it couldn’t destroy, was his soul. His soul witnessed and suffered something worse than death, “a journey towards nothingness, a journey down there, towards the bottom”(Levi, 17) and this tale from the very bottom of hell showed us a side of man never before seen. Dante’s Inferno where there is no God or heaven or right or wrong, but only hunger and despair. A moral hierarchy envisaged by the masterminds of the Final Solution, a cold, remorseless world where the innocent are destroyed and the strong enslaved. A world guided by the “ferocious law which states: вЂ?to he that has, will be given; from he that has not, will be taken away’.”(88)
The hierarchy of this realm is distant from the rest of humanity, a timeless realm devoid of any remnants of what has been or what is yet to be. A barren, flat, colorless landscape scarred by never-ending paths of metal and wood all leading into the maw of a churning, smoke belching monster marked with a grim, foreboding preface “Arbeit Macht Frei, work gives freedom”(22). This is Auschwitz, a place unlike anywhere else in the annals of human history, “This is hell. Today, in our times, hell must be like this. A huge, empty room: we are tired, standing on our feet, with a tap which drips while we cannot drink the water, and we wait for something which will certainly be terrible, and nothing happens and nothing continues to happen”(22). In a place where the old, the young, and the weak are swallowed into the night and are gone forever, in a godless place like this nothing is as it should be. At the top of this mad house lies the most depraved of all, for in this place the insane rule over the sane, and the cold, mechanical fist of the S.S. is law. An extension of the mad-man responsible for this place, they are hand-picked and forged into thoughtless, remorseless killing machines and entrusted with Hitler’s most important goal: the destruction of the Jew. Little is said about these brutal men, they are above the camp and therefore distant from it, the camp to them is merely their work place and “they behave with the calm assurance of people doing their normal duty of every day.” At times they speak to the prisoners like animals whipping them into attention “in that curt, barbaric barking of Germans in command which seem to give vent to a millennial anger”, but during the selections when they decide who lives or dies with the slightest glance they are indifferent and speak “in a subdued tone of voice, with faces of stone… We had expected something more apocalyptic: they seemed simple police agents. It was disconcerting and disarming”(19). Levi would soon discover that despite their outward appearance, these cold agents of doom were the most apocalyptic men on earth entrusted with the unspeakable mission of the destruction of his people.
Below the SS men in the next rung of hell resided the вЂ?Prominenz’, inhabitants of Block 7 in which no regular prisoner has ever entered, they were “the aristocracy, the internees holding the highest post”(32). Below them were the Reichsdeutsche, the Aryan Germans, and the Kapos “they were particularly pitiless, vigorous and inhuman individuals, installed (following an investiture by the SS command, which showed itself in such choices to possess satanic knowledge of human beings) in the posts of Kapos, Blockaltester, etc”(89). These individuals established the backbone of authority, doling out punishment with reckless abandon knowing in the back of their heads if they showed the slightest hesitancy or remorse they would be quickly disposed of. Below them resided the rest of the political prisoners and British POW’s who were given special privileges and leniency. Below them resided the Jewish prominents:
A more modern illustration of the Nazi past, which I will not cite in this book, would be taken from Rudolf Hess’s “The Great Nazi” (1937), which is available from the Russian Library at the Sotheby’s in New York (see also “The Fables and Fiction of Dreyfus Steinberg” (1998) for a large copy of this book). This is the classic illustration of “the power to control the fate of men,” which the SS provided for German-Italian collaboration in World War II. The Nazi regime in Italy gave away more lives, wealth, and property than any other power, and at that point most of the European nations and peoples were completely disowned by those who controlled that position. After the end of World War II, as the Nazis were fighting to break the British (whose support had become more powerful in the first place) as European powers, at times in the 1950s, a new order was created in Italy called the Third Republic of Italy, that ruled through a German-speaking nationalist alliance. But even in the new order of things, the Nazi regime received little from the Italian nations of the 1930s. When the United States invaded Italy, for example, it did not receive anything by way of money, so Italians paid little for German arms. Even the Nazis, when facing the fascist regime in France, did not receive significant money, but rather only a few hundred thousand dollars per year. The total amount given to Italy included about a hundred billions of Euros, of which almost nothing was given to Greece or Italy as a result. The Germans in the Third Republic of Italy were still very willing to make such payments. But it seemed that they received nothing at all, and when the Nazis came to control Italy, the Third Republic of Italy was essentially completely taken over by the Germans, who were then very interested in preserving their position at that time. If the Nazis had given that money back to the German-controlled Italians in the form of money, money that had previously been given, they would have retained their position as a democracy in any attempt to break down the fascist regime. Yet they certainly paid little by way of money, and it looks like the Third Republic of Italy used their own money to finance the Nazi war machine. *** The Great Nazi, who also had a long history of corruption and war crimes and had been found guilty of bribery, was awarded an unprecedented amount of money by the German government. And the money came only after the end of the Third Reich, and after the rise of the Nazi government’s dictatorship in Germany, including the death of the Reich’s leader Adolf Eichmann, which he presided over. After the Nazi regime had been abolished in 1945 — but after the Nazis had been placed under the rule of a few hundred fascist states in the Reich from 1933-1945 — the Nazis created the New International, a new political alliance for the benefit of all Germans and for Germany in general. The Nazis were able to give money to these various countries in return for their support, as well as some assistance from other nations or even for a short time — but only after World War II, when many Germans and many Italians deserted European countries and the Third Reich was no longer in the hands of the German-controlled Italian regimes, and many were forced out of their support in Europe and for no reason whatsoever. By the time WWII started in 1945 — when Hitler was overthrown in
a sad and notable human phenomenon… if one offers a position of privilege to a few individuals in a state of slavery, exacting in exchange the betrayal of a natural solidarity with their comrades, there will certainly be someone who will accept… When he is given command of a group of unfortunates, with the right of life or death over them, he will be cruel and tyrannical, because he will understand that if he is not sufficiently so, someone else, judged more suitable, will take over his post. Moreover, his capacity for hatred, unfulfilled in the direction of the oppressors, will double back, beyond all reason, on the oppressed; and he will only be satisfied when he has unloaded on to his underlings the injury received from above. (91)
These Jewish prominents were particularly hated by Levi and his fellow Jews and this hatred only served to further distance themselves from the rest of the group. Abhorrent as it may seem to abandon your compatriots and become part of the hated ruling class of the camp; the need to survive overrode any moral dilemma, because “in the Lager things are different: here the struggle to survive is without respite, because everyone is desperately and ferociously alone.”(88) There is no good and evil here because if you are not a prominent you are only вЂ?the saved and the drowned’.
The saved and the drowned are those at the very bottom of hell with nothing between them and gas chamber, only those deemed capable and fit even survive the first day, the others are exterminated immediately. Most who remain quickly succumb to the all-consuming hunger and exhaustion of the camp, “their life is short, but their number is endless; they, the Muselmanner, the drowned, form the backbone of the camp, an anonymous mass, continually renewed and always identical, of non-men who march and labour in silence, the divine spark dead within them, already