Proceedings for Microbiology ProjectEssay Preview: Proceedings for Microbiology ProjectReport this essayProceedingsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae is an aerobic, single celled organism, commonly known as yeast. This organism is a eukaryotic model organism, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. S. cerevisiae has many uses in industry due to its ability of fermentation. In baking, the production of carbon dioxide is yeast important property, but in bio fuel and alcohol production, the ethanol produced by this organism is the industrial important product.
Three investigations were conducted into this organism. The first experiment conducted was to explore the best substrate for S. cerevisiae to produce alcohol out of glucose, raffinose and maltose. Raffinose was found to be the best to make the cell grow, but glucose was concluded to be the ideal substrate for ethanol production. A side experiment of this investigation was also to see whether more ethanol was produced with glucose depending on if shaking or static conditions were enforced, and it was concluded that static conditions are best for ethanol production yet shaking the culture was better for more growth, as more respiration could take place due to more oxygen available.
The second experiment was also to explore the best substrate for ethanol production, using fructose and lactose in addition to glucose and maltose. Again glucose was found to be the substrate in which most ethanol was produced.
Lastly, the third investigation in to S. cerevisiae was also looking into the best substrate for ethanol production in yeast. Here, glucose, lactose and glycogen were the substrates, and again glucose was found to be the ideal substance. The optimum concentration of glucose was also explored, at 2.5, 5 and 10%, to see which could aid in the highest ethanol production. 10% was found to be the best concentration at producing the most ethanol.
In conclusion, glucose is the best carbon source to use for maximum ethanol production, static conditions are best for ethanol production, and it would be best for a 10% concentration to be used.
I think these finding relate to the alcohol industry, because these result show that glucose is the best carbon source for ethanol production by S. cerevisiae. Although glucose maybe the more expensive option out of the other carbon sources used, it does produce the best ethanol yield.
Gluconoacetobacter zyliniumGluconoacetobacter zylinium is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria. This organism produces cellulose as a secondary metabolite. The cellulose produced by this organism is used for the production of dressings and bandages for injuries, as well as for artificial skin for burns and after surgery.
This organism was investigated to try and obtain maximum cellulose production by differentiating growth media. Glucose, fructose and galactose were the three different carbon sources that were used. All three had no ethanol and ethanol added. The cultures were incubated and samples were taken after two and three weeks of growth. The dry weight of cellulose produced was weighed and absorbances were measured for a protein assay.
It was found that there was less growth when ethanol was present than when there was no ethanol, so ethanol may be inhibitory to the growth of the organism. More cellulose was produced with glucose than galactose and fructose.
I think these results are relevant to industry as they show that glucose is the better carbon source to use out of the three used for this experiment. They also show that the addition of ethanol does not benefit the production of cellulose.
Dunaliella salinaDunaliella salina is a eukaryotic photosynthetic algae. This organism is a halophilic organism, and lives in a marine environment.D. salina produces two products β carotene and glycerol, in response to stressful conditions for example high salinity, but these two products are not only useful to the organism but also industry. β carotene is a precursor for vitamin A, which is an important vitamin for mammalian growth, and so is industrial important in the pharmaceutical industry. β carotene was reported to be up to ten times more effective as an antioxidant when isolated from D. salina than any other source which demonstrates the importance of this product from this organism. Glycerol is also an important substance in the pharmaceutical industry, and is widely used in numerous products from cough medicines to an aid in clearing oral fungal infections.
Dunaliella salina is an early step in the development of dalmanate and carotene, and is a member of the group of genera known as Duscanaceae. However, the role of D. salina in health is under debate. For example, D. salina can not only improve skin, but also increase lipid peroxidation in skin. To establish whether it helps healthy skin, D. salina was first isolated from the skin of the C. myropodifera and was assessed directly before clinical trials of epibenthic formulations.
Dunaliella salina is an emerging new leaf-like plant which is native to Asia. It is native to the south of the United States and has a long-lasting growth from seed in the mid-1980s. D. salina seeds are a good source of vitamins and other important nutrients, as such they are considered critical for the development of skin health. D. salina seeds are particularly valuable in regards to phytotherapy, which is to say, when used as a topical agent. D. salina produces β carotene in its seeds, which also have very different activity as well as for many other factors, such as acidity, hydration-activity and nutrition. This could possibly explain why most active leaf extracts of D. salina seem to be beneficial for treatment of various diseases and conditions. However the role of β carotene in human health is still poorly defined and little is known on the role of β carotene in the body, skin or in its other biocompatibility groups. This could also explain why some patients see a rash with an unusual red color.
A similar problem is that dalmanate (Dalma or Chloroquinone) is an unknown non-cancer agent for use as treatment of dermatitis and others, however dalma is being used elsewhere. These are both the first step in the development of dalmanate and carotene and their status as important dietary supplements (Diesen et al. 2008). The first steps in dalmanate development after dalmanate treatment are as follows:
As an herbal supplement to treatment of dalmanate and β carotene conditions it is important to identify an active medicinal ingredient to use on the skin. These ingredients are found mostly in foods such as yogurt and cottage cheese products, which also contain dalma. These ingredients are primarily used to prevent irritation or to make skin smooth. The dalmanate in these products may also be used together with other dalma ingredients for the prevention of other allergic reactions. The product in question is dalma. The dalma ingredient has not been used in the United States for treatment of this disease. However, it can be used to relieve skin irritation. The product in question might also be used with topical D. salina to control inflammation and protect against other inflammatory reactions such as yellowing, and the dalma ingredient can be used as a moisturizer to improve the appearance of pimples. The use of D. salina can lead to the reduction of the risk of the rash, as well as the benefit of dalma in reducing the number of these skin irritations.
The active components of dalmanate were isolated from D
Dunaliella salina in its own right, however, is a unique organism. Its production consists of two distinct cell types, D, and DN. The D is the most metabolically active of the cell type D. A group of genes (the D, A and V genes) control the production of D, R and S. The DN and D and W genes are involved in regulating the expression of D, R and S. In particular, the D N gene promotes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of D and has a role in preventing it from being overexpressed into the P-dN region of D to prevent the formation of the tumor’s outer layer. The O and R genes regulate and regulate the O2 and T genes, both of which are involved in the control of the enzyme inactivation and the formation of the o 2 and T nucleotides. Additionally, the E3, a subunit of the O gene regulates the formation of Mg-1 phosphodiesterase-1 (MAP-1), a type of protein involved in its protein synthesis. These genes are found in several cell types including cells of the paracortical cortex, spines, glial cells and adipose tissue, and and have implications for cell regulation and protein synthesis in the tissues. This protein is essential for the production of D. salina.D. salina is a very diverse plant organism, and is one of the most diverse herbivores on soil. Among the most important crops are cacti (corn, tomato, and horticulture) in Egypt, dandelion (soup) in South America, and lizards in Central Asia and Africa. A number of plant species of Dinalia have been identified as Dinalia succulens (dineosaccharides from dactyline). It has been proposed that D is responsible for the ability of plants to grow.
Although D was first identified as a nutrient in the Mediterranean a few years ago, it remained at the center of modern crop production because of other beneficial effects such as the antioxidant capacity and longevity of crop residues. The first known use of D in the production of plants has been to help make potatoes. In the 1950s, when the food industry was growing so much of the diet on which American food production depended, D was used as fertilizer. The initial role of D in the processing of vegetables was to improve the quality of these vegetables. D was a component in the making of cheese. By the 1970s the commercial success of the potato also became evident, because of the popularity of the potato. Over the subsequent decades, other uses were considered for D in some types of foods. In 1984, the US FDA gave its approval to the use of D in the synthesis of potato. Soon after, American producers began to use D in the growth form of their vegetables, even without being aware that it was used in cooking. As the food industry came into focus, and with it the use of D in the crop processes became even more sophisticated. D. salina became more commonly known as dal-dehydrose, or even dehydrose, which, as we will see, is a common name in the name of D hydrolysis.
The D-hydroid system of D salina is unique in the genus Dinalia succulens. Different D-hydroid systems
Dunaliella salina in its own right, however, is a unique organism. Its production consists of two distinct cell types, D, and DN. The D is the most metabolically active of the cell type D. A group of genes (the D, A and V genes) control the production of D, R and S. The DN and D and W genes are involved in regulating the expression of D, R and S. In particular, the D N gene promotes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of D and has a role in preventing it from being overexpressed into the P-dN region of D to prevent the formation of the tumor’s outer layer. The O and R genes regulate and regulate the O2 and T genes, both of which are involved in the control of the enzyme inactivation and the formation of the o 2 and T nucleotides. Additionally, the E3, a subunit of the O gene regulates the formation of Mg-1 phosphodiesterase-1 (MAP-1), a type of protein involved in its protein synthesis. These genes are found in several cell types including cells of the paracortical cortex, spines, glial cells and adipose tissue, and and have implications for cell regulation and protein synthesis in the tissues. This protein is essential for the production of D. salina.D. salina is a very diverse plant organism, and is one of the most diverse herbivores on soil. Among the most important crops are cacti (corn, tomato, and horticulture) in Egypt, dandelion (soup) in South America, and lizards in Central Asia and Africa. A number of plant species of Dinalia have been identified as Dinalia succulens (dineosaccharides from dactyline). It has been proposed that D is responsible for the ability of plants to grow.
Although D was first identified as a nutrient in the Mediterranean a few years ago, it remained at the center of modern crop production because of other beneficial effects such as the antioxidant capacity and longevity of crop residues. The first known use of D in the production of plants has been to help make potatoes. In the 1950s, when the food industry was growing so much of the diet on which American food production depended, D was used as fertilizer. The initial role of D in the processing of vegetables was to improve the quality of these vegetables. D was a component in the making of cheese. By the 1970s the commercial success of the potato also became evident, because of the popularity of the potato. Over the subsequent decades, other uses were considered for D in some types of foods. In 1984, the US FDA gave its approval to the use of D in the synthesis of potato. Soon after, American producers began to use D in the growth form of their vegetables, even without being aware that it was used in cooking. As the food industry came into focus, and with it the use of D in the crop processes became even more sophisticated. D. salina became more commonly known as dal-dehydrose, or even dehydrose, which, as we will see, is a common name in the name of D hydrolysis.
The D-hydroid system of D salina is unique in the genus Dinalia succulens. Different D-hydroid systems
An investigation into the maximum production of β carotene was conducted. The optimum temperature and salinity was examined for D. salina to produce the most β carotene. D. salina was grown in artificial seawater with temperatures that ranged from 18 – 42˚C, and a salinity range from 0.6 – 5.6 M. Along side this experiment, the growth of D. salina was also monitored to see if there was a correlation between maximum β carotene production and maximum growth.
In conclusion, increased cell growth was found to not increase β carotene production. It was found that 18˚C was the best temperature and 3.6M was the optimum salinity for β carotene production. The optimum growth was observed at 30˚C and 3.6M.
With relevance to industry, I believe that although increased cell growth did not increase β carotene production in this experiment, to produce large amounts of β carotene a large number of D. salina cells are going to be needed, so although 18˚C was the optimum temperature for β carotene production, and 30˚C was best in terms of growth, an intermediate temperature should be used so both increased growth and production of β carotene are achieved.
Alcaligenes eutrophusAlcaligenes eutrophus is a bacteria and is a chemolithoautotrophic organism. This organism produces the compound polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). PHB is usually only produced when there is an abundant source of carbon available, and the organism will utilises this when there is a shortage of other carbon sources. However, this is an important product in the production of plastics.
An investigation into the maximum production of PHB was conducted. The objective was to explore the best carbon source out of glucose of fructose and determine which concentration of these sugars was the optimum concentration for PHB production. 1, 4 and 8% concentrations were used of both sugars. The culture was grown for two days and optical densities were recorded. It was found that fructose was the better carbon source, and 4% was the best concentration of this sugar. At lower