The Prominence Of Vishnu And His Avatars
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The Prominence of Vishnu and his Avatars
Between the Vedic and Epic periods, the divinity known as Vishnu underwent a cosmic change. In the Vedas, Vishnu was a minor solar god who was closely associated with Indra, in which he was rarely mentioned and was submissive to the king of the gods. By the time of the epics of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, Vishnu had greatly risen in importance and power in the world of the gods.
Vishnu is now known as “The Preserver” among the three books of the Hindu religion. Vaishnavas, worshippers of Vishnu, made up 70% of Hindus in 1997. (Dom, Chapter 2) Based off Vishnu Purana and the Vaishnavas, Vishnu plays the role of Brahma and Shiva as well in which he creates himself, preserves himself, and then at the end of each cosmic cycle, destroys himself. As Brahma sits in Vishnus navel and Shiva is a recluse in the mountains, associated with death and destruction, Vishnu is given the importance of an omnipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient, supreme divinity.
There are several different theories on what lead to this revolution of power among the Gods. Some scholars believe that Vishnus rise was inevitable because of his close association with the concept of Vaikuntha (heaven). (Gonda, p.2) He dwelled in the realm in which many sought to reach by showing their devotion. Another theory is that in the Vedas, Vishnu was personified as sacrifice, and therefore was the first one to comprehend its true significance. According to a particular myth, many gods were jealous of Vishnus rising power and had him decapitated. His sacrificed head then became the sun. Finally, there is speculation that Vishnu is an incorporation of three important Vedic gods. He was a fusion of his original being Vishnu: the Vedic sun god, Narayana: the cosmic deity, and the man-god Vasudeva-Krishna. (Gupta pp. 1-3)
Vishnu had tremendous popularity which was because of his connection with the people. Vishnu came to earth in human or animal form through his incarnations to directly aid his devotees and save them from imminent danger. The incarnations follow a cosmological cycle, in which one appears in each phase. Vishnu appears on earth in order protect dharma and restore order to the world. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu explains to Arjuna,
“Whenever righteousness declines and unrighteousness prevails, I manifest Myself; For the protection of the good, for the destruction of the wicked and for the establishment of righteousness, I am born in every age.” (Bhagavad Gita, IV.8) (Krishna pg. 30)
An alternative explanation for Vishnu appearing on earth may be due to a story from the Vedic period. During a battle with the asuras, the mother of a priest named Shukra was able to use magical powers and leave Indra, the king of all gods, impotent. At Indras bidding, Vishnu reluctantly cuts off her head, killing her even though she was a woman. Shukra, who was outraged, cursed Vishnu to be born seven times in the world of men which include Parashurama, Ramachandra, Buddha, Kalki, and several minor incarnations. (Gupta pp 9-10)
There have been nine main incarnations of Vishnu, and one is yet to come. Although the Bhagavata Purana mentions twenty-two avatars, and the Ahirbudyhnya Samhita mentions thirty-nine, the most commonly accepted number is ten, from the Varaha Purana. The first three incarnations are animals, and were at once considered manifestations of Brahma. Over time, these stories, like many others, were accredited to Vishnu. The ten forms he takes on earth are all related in their common images and symbolism, there are also patterns to be seen as each incarnation appears. Each of the avatars has certain attributes of the all pervading Vishnu. From studying some of the symbolism and characteristics of each avatar, we can see the reason behind Vishnus popularity, his connection with Hindu principles, and how he has come to be known as the benevolent divine being.
Matsya
The myth of Matsya is often compared to the story of Noahs Ark, in which the world is saved from floods by divine intervention. The original story from the Puranas, told a simple tale of the first man, Manu, finding a fish while performing a ritual. Before he could throw the fish back into water, it implored him for help. He saved the fish, and it continually grew until it would only fit in the ocean. A giant flood came, and it saved Manu.
An embellished version of the story is retold in the Mahabharata. Similar to the story in the bible, this time Matsya tells Manu to bring the seed of every animal and the seven rishis in order to save the species. The Bhagvad Purana also adds that Matsya takes back the Vedas from a demon named Hayagriva who had stolen them from Brahma. Matsya then gave Manu the Vedas and taught him their principles to guide humanity. (Gupta pp. 12-13)
Another name for Vishnu is Narayana which comes from the name of the all encompassing waters, Nara ([Online] #6). Water is one of his main symbols as he dwells in the cosmic oceans on his snake Shesha, and it is from these waters that the world rises when Vishnu wishes it too. Manifesting himself as the most common being in these waters best fits his description. There is also a pattern of evolution found within the avataras, and since life started in the ocean, that is how he decided to take his first form. The story of Matsya shows Vishnus willingness to help and preserve humanity as well as the significance of the Vedas.
Kurma
Vishnus second incarnation was in the form of a tortoise. He was needed on earth once again because of Durvasa, who was a devotee of Shiva. The arrogant Indra offended him and so Durvasa cursed all the gods, rendering them powerless. The asuras, taking advantage of the gods weakness, declared war on them. The gods, in a state of panic approached Brahma and Shiva, but both were affected by the curse as well. They then turned to Vishnu, who came up with the idea to churn the ocean with Mt. Mandara in order to get the amrta, the drink of immortality. The gods made a pact with the asuras and said they would share the amrta because they could not accomplish it on their own. When the churning began, the mountain kept sinking, so Vishnu took the form of Kurma in order to support it on his back. Fourteen treasured articles rose from the churning, including the moon, the oceans poison, the goddess Lakshmi, the conch, the mace, and finally the amrta. The asuras snatched the bowl, but then began to argue amongst themselves on who should drink the nectar first. Vishnu then changed forms to a beautiful, seductive woman named Mohini. She deceived the demons and all the amrta was given to the gods. (Gupta