Eating DisordersEating DisordersAn eating disorder is an illness that consumes all aspects of a personâs life. It is caused by a number of factors and influences and has a profound effect on the people suffering and their loved ones. There is a big difference between dieting and eating disorders. Dieting is losing a small amount of weight through exercise or a change of diet, but it is done healthily. Eating disorders are about seeking approval through others. It involves extreme weight change and not thinking about the major effect it has upon the body. It is totally based on looks and weight.
It is thought that many women teeter on the edge of anorexia or bulimia during adolescence as this is a time when girls become acutely aware of their bodies and those of others around them. As a result, they may feel inadequate or self conscious in comparison and attempt to search for a cure. Many will diet and it is then that it becomes crucial as they need to be able to resolve the frequent unfulfilled weight loss. This relies on support from family and friends and the more isolated and locked into family they are, then the more likely it is that they will become anorexic. (Boskino-White, M, 1991)
There are many different types of eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa is defined as âa psycho physiological syndrome occurring largely in young women and defined clinically by a constellation of symptoms; voluntary and deliberate food restriction, self reported lack of appetite, relentless pursuit of thinness and fear of fatness, body image disturbance, obsession with calorie counting and food preparation, hyperactivity, amenorrhea and sever malnutrition resulting in a variety of physiological changesâ (Goldsmith, 1984) Anorexia is usually caused by low self esteem, a tremendous need to control their surroundings and emotions or a unique reaction to a number of factors such as stress, unhappiness or anxiety. Anorexia is diagnosed by a refusal to maintain a normal, healthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbance in the way one sees their body or weight and in the post menarcheal female, the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles. (Goldsmith, 1984)
Bulimia is defined âby the following symptoms: cyclical binge eating that includes a secretive and frenzied consumption of large amounts of high caloric foods during a brief period of time, and then purging to undo the binge episode by such means of self induced vomiting, diuretic and/or laxative abuse occurring with vigorous exercise and/or amphetamine abuse. (Goldsmith, 1984) People can develop bulimia when they are feeling overwhelmed with emotions, to punish themselves for something or if they feel that they are not up to standards. It is diagnosed by recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain. These symptoms occur on average at least twice a week for 3 months. (Goldsmith, 1984)
A vast amount of research has been undertaken on the subject of eating disorders and their causes. Many eating disorders have been proven to emerge during adolescence and often serve as the foundations to more serious problems like anorexia and bulimia. Eating disorders can often be overlooked in some groups such as boys and some ethnicities for example.
Rebecka Peebles, MD, an eating disorders specialist believes that society needs to think more broadly about who struggles with eating disorders. Peebles points out that diagnostic and even treatment criteria are developed with Caucasian women or girls in mind.
Peebles conducted a study and compared 104 boys aged eight to nineteen who had eating disorders with about 1,004 similarly aged girls who had the condition. She found that boys were less likely than girls to have used purging behaviours, such as vomiting or laxatives to control their body weight in the month prior to the study. The actual percentages were 23.5 percent for boys compared to 32.4 percent for girls. They were also more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorders not otherwise specified or EDNOS, rather than with anorexia or bulimia because they expressed themselves differently. Peebles argues that there is a perception that males rarely get eating disorders when in fact males account for 1-5 percent of all patients with anorexia although prior to puberty the risk increases. Males also account for 5-10 percent of patients with bulimia. (
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Source: Peebles, L. M. et al. (2010). The Diagnostic Evaluation of Eating Disorders. American Journal of Osteopathy: Clinical Psychology. doi: 10.1080/0002184.2009.62369 (accessed May 1, 2008).
Source: Peebles, L. M. et al. (2010). The Diagnostic Evaluation of Eating Disorders. American Journal of Osteopathy: Clinical Psychology. doi: 10.1080/0002184.2009.62369 (accessed May 1, 2008). Accessed: June 14, 2008.
Sociopathological Disorders
In addition to eating disorders, we do not include those found in bipolar disorder or any of the other comorbid personality disorders (POCs).
Sociopathological Disorders: Treatment
“We have received overwhelming evidence of the pervasive use of psychiatric drugs, a fact that has been denied by psychiatrists, hospitals, state health officials, doctors and, more recently, many politicians. That fact is not a matter of policy of the American Psychiatric Association at this time of day. The DSM [American Psychiatric Association] and American Psychiatric Association have all been established to represent each individual’s personal and professional practice and collectively define these factors.” (Sara and Richard, 1999).
In addition, it is important to acknowledge that, as described above, the American Psychiatric Association takes the position that we do not know how psychiatric drugs and its metabolites affect clinical or social conditions or affect the function of physicians or others for which it is not established.
“The DSM and American Psychiatric Association’s use of drugs and other neurophysiological substances does not limit the use of psychiatric drugs or are considered diagnostic criteria for the majority of these disorders. Rather, it enables clinicians to assess the mental state of their patients in detail and with objective clinical judgment to reduce the prevalence of certain types of psychiatric disorders. A well-documented approach to the disorder is to exclude from this diagnostic group the comorbid personality traits that may suggest a psychiatric disorder of interest to those experiencing the disorder.” (American Psychiatric Association press release). See also the following statement as presented at the American Society of Psychiatry Conference on the Human Rights in Mental Health, 2006:
“In its most recent edition, the American Psychiatric Association uses various tools to recognize and assess comorbid diagnoses. In 2008, for example, the DSM for PONG [proper substance abuse disorders] and the AHA definition of the diagnosis of depression were used to meet guidelines published by the US Psychiatric Association. However, these tools have failed to meet our needs.”
In my opinion, such tools do not address the specific pathology that people with bipolar disorder have. Rather, they highlight the fact that psychiatry is an area where there can be conflicting approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
“POWELLY’S DISTANCE ON THE MEDIA.” “POWELLY’S DISTANCE ON THE MEDIA.”
“The general public might appreciate POWELLY’S DISTANCE ON THE MEDIA when it is more accurate than simply being one term describing someone with bipolar. It has been well established that the term can be used to describe most psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders.” (L. M. & M. Fergusson, A Comprehensive Guide to The Psychiatric
The reasons men develop eating disorders are really no different then why a woman, child, or anyone else would. They may have been victims of abuse, come from dysfunctional families or were subjected to teasing from their peers. They also experience the same feelings as anyone else. They may have low self-esteem, may be perfectionists, over achievers, or do not know how to express emotions. They may avoid