The Economy Of China
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The Economy of China
The economy of China is the fourth largest in the world when measured by nominal GDP. Its economic output for 2006 was $2.68 trillion USD. Its per capita GDP in 2005 was approximately US $1,709 (US $7,204 with PPP), still low by world standards, but rising rapidly. As of 2005, 70% of Chinas GDP is in the private sector. The smaller public sector is dominated by about 200 large state enterprises concentrated mostly in utilities, heavy industries, and energy resources.
Since 1978 the Republic of China government has been reforming its economy from a Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within the political framework, provided by the Communist Party of China. This system has been called “Socialism with Chinese characteristics” and is one type of mixed economy. These reforms started since 1978 has helped lift millions of people out of poverty, bringing the poverty rate down from 53% of population in 1981 to 8% by 2001.
To this end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and foreign investment. The government has emphasized raising personal income and consumption and introducing new management systems to help increase productivity.
The government also has focused on foreign trade as a major vehicle for economic growth. While the accuracy of official PRC figures remains the subject of much debate, Chinese officials claim the result has been a tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Some international economists believe that Chinese economic growth has been in fact understated during much of the 1990s and early 2000s, failing to fully factor in the growth driven by private enterprises.
From 1995-1999 inflation dropped sharply, reflecting the tighter monetary policy of central banks and stronger measures to control food prices. At the same time, the government struggled to (a) collect revenues due from provinces, businesses, and individuals; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, most of which had not participated in the vigorous expansion of the economy and many of which had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 50 to 100 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened the PRCs population control program. Another long-term threat to continued rapid economic growth is the deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development.
Later, there were signs of stronger demand for labor with workers being able to choose employment which offered higher wages and better working conditions, enabling some to move away from the restrictive dormitory life and boring factory work which characterize export industries in Guangdong and Fujian. Minimum wages began rising toward the equivalent of 100 U.S. dollars a month as companies scrambled for employees with some paying as much as an average $150 a month. The labor shortage was partially driven by the demographic trends as the proportion of people of working age falls as the result of strict family planning.
It was reported in the New York Times in April, 2006 that labor costs had continued to increase and a shortage of unskilled labor had developed with a million or more employees being sought. Operations which rely on cheap labor are contemplating relocations to cities in the interior or to countries such as Vietnam or Bangladesh. Many young people are attending college rather than opting for minimum wage factory work. The demographic shift