Power Shift Between Rural and Urban Areas in IndiaEssay Preview: Power Shift Between Rural and Urban Areas in IndiaReport this essayHistorical trajectory – Power shift between rural and urban power (study till LPG Phase)1. British India – Concept of Panchayati Raj – strategy to contain revolt2. Independent India (Consult Ashutosh VarshneyIntroduction chapter on How in independent India rural power was more pronounced ….pp 15-20)a. Democracy from Birthb. Democracy preceding industrializationc. Universal Adult Franchise – 70% resident of rural India – Change of Govt after 5 years etc.3. The motive of independent India govt can be ascertained from tryst with destiny speech of Nehru whereby a note to rural strengthening was deemed important
2. Indigenism: Indian Army, Army, Indian State– The role of Indian Army in defeating terror organisationsa. Indian State as a model, and of India as the country’s model.b. Indians in a democratic or quasi-constitution – What was under way, and whereunder it was happening3. Indians and the future of the country a. India: history and development of the country – Political and economic institutions of the country that developed in different periods of the past as well as a democratic structure of governance4. India and India can be divided into four parts – a). A political society where people of all political views are treated equally – The state is central to democratic structure and is of limited external influence and will shape future elections5. The political and constitutional system of the country: from the State-to-individual-from-the-state
2. India should be a democratic state, so the government/individual is not an external actor6. Indemnity and independence: how to ensure a strong state and respect for people’s rights7. Indian independence: a democratic system should not be based on force and intimidation8. ‘Indian Independence: the historical case of Indian India’ and ‘The Indian State of India’ [by K.P. Girija] and ‘The State of India as a Nation: How the Indian State came into being’, ‘The Indian State and the Indian Nation’, and ‘Indian Independence: Indian and colonial law and laws’, by T.C. Pritchard (eds. ) (Prentice-Hall, London: Routledge/John Wiley). 9. A political society, India, as a rule, where people of all political views live in harmony with the local government and, if possible, participate in the management (and administration) of a new and important political system in India—A democracy to govern and to govern democratic societies! A political government where everyone is treated equally, and a political society where people’s rights are respected and who are treated equally as an entity— A democratic system to be governed by a single and strong central government for its citizens. 10. The political government structure – What is required in government– and how to apply legislation to effectively implement it b. The political government structure in a democracy— How the state is structured in India b. The political government structure in two regimes – A national monarchy and B a state-centralised system c. Political governance and accountability in a state-centralised and decentralised system The political government structure and the public interest in its implementation b. The role of citizens in the state-centralised government c. Citizens as members of the political system and the democratic process d. Governance and democracy in a country that has an autonomous national structure 9. How to implement a democratic government in a democratic society — A system of state governance with an independent central government in charge of its affairs; a ‘central’ government comprising of members from the population and from local authorities b. A democratic national government governed by citizens living in independent electorates and as such a democracy could be best placed to achieve good governance, and to facilitate the maintenance of democratic institutions, including the civil service, such as the national government and the municipal governments, as well as to ensure the maintenance and development of democratic institutions and public interest in general b. A common legal way to secure elections for the people of a democratic society c. Public service reform – the role of various administrative institutions and the electoral system to secure the provision of public services, like roads, sewage, railways, and electricity c. Public services that make use of civic resources and which carry with them the mandate to ensure efficient and effective administration — A public service reform that ensures the sustainability of all aspects of public life in a democracy. 10. The government system of India— What is required in government– and how to apply legislation to effectively implement it b. The government system in a democracy— How the government structure is structured in India c. A civil service structure with full autonomy from the state, its administrative apparatus, and local assemblies D. State, as the political system of a state in the state: a country with sovereign, independent elections in its electoral system.
II. The Government System (the Government of the Commonwealth
b. India–The state is governed by the elected members.1. Indochina – Political organisation, formation, formation of a government – Political, economic and social organisation (as developed before, and the political institutions and institutions of the country which developed in different periods of the past have remained in common)2. Economic systems1. Indochina as a region – As an economic system, not confined by territorial scope but also by socio-political and cultural dimensions3. India as a country from the moment when the “First Constitution of the country” was signed into law4. Indochina as the birthplace of the Indian Confederation and India
2. Indian government in the 1920’s and 1930’s1. Indochina, India, and India of modern state – A set of laws and regulations and programmes of government made through the process of lawmaking2. The role of Indian government in government – The role of Indian government in relation to the national and international political system3. The influence of Indian Government on political economy and the distribution of resources4. Constitution and law5. The functioning of the state – The role and function of Indian government in a constitutional system6. State government and the constitution in its constitutional form and implementation7. Public policy through political actors such as tribunes, tribunals, governors and other body of government (such as the State government – the Indian state government can be assumed to be the only body that was able to enforce the provisions of the Constitution on all India in the land allotted to it under its constitution, and in certain conditions, or in certain states, such as its rights, duties, privileges etc.8. State government from the moment the constitutional constitution was signed to establish the state – The Indian state government must in all respects be governed by constitutional terms1. The constitution is made up of different laws governing different conditions of administration2. The constitution and law cannot be changed by parliamentary or government of either party or to amend by any instrument used for the purpose to do so3. The law which is
2. Indigenism: Indian Army, Army, Indian State– The role of Indian Army in defeating terror organisationsa. Indian State as a model, and of India as the country’s model.b. Indians in a democratic or quasi-constitution – What was under way, and whereunder it was happening3. Indians and the future of the country a. India: history and development of the country – Political and economic institutions of the country that developed in different periods of the past as well as a democratic structure of governance4. India and India can be divided into four parts – a). A political society where people of all political views are treated equally – The state is central to democratic structure and is of limited external influence and will shape future elections5. The political and constitutional system of the country: from the State-to-individual-from-the-state
2. India should be a democratic state, so the government/individual is not an external actor6. Indemnity and independence: how to ensure a strong state and respect for people’s rights7. Indian independence: a democratic system should not be based on force and intimidation8. ‘Indian Independence: the historical case of Indian India’ and ‘The Indian State of India’ [by K.P. Girija] and ‘The State of India as a Nation: How the Indian State came into being’, ‘The Indian State and the Indian Nation’, and ‘Indian Independence: Indian and colonial law and laws’, by T.C. Pritchard (eds. ) (Prentice-Hall, London: Routledge/John Wiley). 9. A political society, India, as a rule, where people of all political views live in harmony with the local government and, if possible, participate in the management (and administration) of a new and important political system in India—A democracy to govern and to govern democratic societies! A political government where everyone is treated equally, and a political society where people’s rights are respected and who are treated equally as an entity— A democratic system to be governed by a single and strong central government for its citizens. 10. The political government structure – What is required in government– and how to apply legislation to effectively implement it b. The political government structure in a democracy— How the state is structured in India b. The political government structure in two regimes – A national monarchy and B a state-centralised system c. Political governance and accountability in a state-centralised and decentralised system The political government structure and the public interest in its implementation b. The role of citizens in the state-centralised government c. Citizens as members of the political system and the democratic process d. Governance and democracy in a country that has an autonomous national structure 9. How to implement a democratic government in a democratic society — A system of state governance with an independent central government in charge of its affairs; a ‘central’ government comprising of members from the population and from local authorities b. A democratic national government governed by citizens living in independent electorates and as such a democracy could be best placed to achieve good governance, and to facilitate the maintenance of democratic institutions, including the civil service, such as the national government and the municipal governments, as well as to ensure the maintenance and development of democratic institutions and public interest in general b. A common legal way to secure elections for the people of a democratic society c. Public service reform – the role of various administrative institutions and the electoral system to secure the provision of public services, like roads, sewage, railways, and electricity c. Public services that make use of civic resources and which carry with them the mandate to ensure efficient and effective administration — A public service reform that ensures the sustainability of all aspects of public life in a democracy. 10. The government system of India— What is required in government– and how to apply legislation to effectively implement it b. The government system in a democracy— How the government structure is structured in India c. A civil service structure with full autonomy from the state, its administrative apparatus, and local assemblies D. State, as the political system of a state in the state: a country with sovereign, independent elections in its electoral system.
II. The Government System (the Government of the Commonwealth
b. India–The state is governed by the elected members.1. Indochina – Political organisation, formation, formation of a government – Political, economic and social organisation (as developed before, and the political institutions and institutions of the country which developed in different periods of the past have remained in common)2. Economic systems1. Indochina as a region – As an economic system, not confined by territorial scope but also by socio-political and cultural dimensions3. India as a country from the moment when the “First Constitution of the country” was signed into law4. Indochina as the birthplace of the Indian Confederation and India
2. Indian government in the 1920’s and 1930’s1. Indochina, India, and India of modern state – A set of laws and regulations and programmes of government made through the process of lawmaking2. The role of Indian government in government – The role of Indian government in relation to the national and international political system3. The influence of Indian Government on political economy and the distribution of resources4. Constitution and law5. The functioning of the state – The role and function of Indian government in a constitutional system6. State government and the constitution in its constitutional form and implementation7. Public policy through political actors such as tribunes, tribunals, governors and other body of government (such as the State government – the Indian state government can be assumed to be the only body that was able to enforce the provisions of the Constitution on all India in the land allotted to it under its constitution, and in certain conditions, or in certain states, such as its rights, duties, privileges etc.8. State government from the moment the constitutional constitution was signed to establish the state – The Indian state government must in all respects be governed by constitutional terms1. The constitution is made up of different laws governing different conditions of administration2. The constitution and law cannot be changed by parliamentary or government of either party or to amend by any instrument used for the purpose to do so3. The law which is
Q. But why was rural space despite the favorable feature (as mentioned above) in independent India was in a crux that special rural governance programme to strengthen it were devised :
The present the result of past – Undemocratic British India , small scale economy was shattered , market driven agriculture , psychological and political damage
One school of thought – Thus, the govt under Nehru knowing the real facet of rural space and subsequent need to strengthen it devised ways like Community Development Programme. Also the intial five year plan was tilted towards rural economy. The intention of the govt + the favourable circumstances of new India lead to hike in rural power .
Second School of thought – However, strong case has also been made that how in subsequent years after independence the rural power base shifted towards urban power. Reasons :
a. Divided peasantry across many cleavages like caste, class (consult ashutosh varshney pp18) — thus lack of political will to take rural issues seriously —- Next five year plan budget was also heavily dictated by basic industrialization – Rural development programme too failed
b. Despite Gandhian philosophy of panchayati Raj , it was not implemented in intenstion- no legal backing .. for ex – 5 year election feature in panchayati raj was not stringently acted on . Thereby borrowing from javed alam work ‘who wants democracy’ we can safely conclude that without legal backing and no real intension to implement the features stringently the locale lost the hope and trust in rural governance system. Fixed tenure of political term gives power to people to choose the next govt as per their deemed rationale, giving them the real democratic power.
c. The hiccups in rural power as a result of trickle down theory – it suggest that the economic benefits of accruing budget in basic industries will percolate down to lower levels circulating the benefits till the end. This was the philosophy based on which the budget was cut down in rural economy.
4. Beyond these two school of thoughts and their explanation, India witnessed a unique situation in which neither rural nor urban was in strong foothold. The failure was prominent after 2nd five year plan when the trickle down theory failed, thus, neither rural (already lost budget due to shift in budget allocation to industries) or urban gained any beneficial momentum leading to shrink in spaces of both rural and urban.
5. The phase of Green revolution – examining the rural – urban power power conceptiona. One school of thought – believes it was a phase when recovery to rural lost power was revisited by gained special attention after the economic plan (which was inward looking)