One Flew over the Cuckoo’s NestJoin now to read essay One Flew over the Cuckoo’s NestIn the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Ken Kesey criticizes the expectations to conform to society during the time of the Cold War through the rebellion of many of his characters. In the early 1950’s, America entered into a Cold War with the Soviet Union. The situation in the United States was very hostile and many citizens did not approve of military and political decisions made by our nation leaders. One of these citizens was Jack Kerouac. Kerouac became the leader of the Beat Movement. Kerouac led many young Americans to rebel against
conformity in the 1950’s (Halberstam). Randal P. McMurphy is the main character in Kesey’s novel and his actions parallel those of Kerouac’s. Both men lead rebellions against conformity. McMurphy enters a mental institution and is instantly intrigued by the patients’ willingness to adhere to all the harsh rules set by Nurse Ratched. Through both men’s stories come ups and downs and inevitably, victory and defeat.
Throughout the 1950’s, people who acted or appeared to be outside the mainstream were viewed with great suspicion. The United States was engaged in a Cold War with the Soviet Union. This meant that while no open warfare was declared, “relations were tense and hostile” (Telgen 227). The men and women viewed with suspicion were often accused of being communists. Senator Joseph McCarthy led the nation in uncovering these communists and persecuting them for their supposed beliefs. While McCarthy’s accusations were vague and inaccurate, he developed quite a support group. McCarthy made a speech at a Lincoln day celebration in West Virginia and claimed that 205 members of the State Department were communist. It was later proven that no more than 4 members were actually associated with communism. McCarthy proved to be a failure and lost his political stature (Halberstam).
The McCarthy “Hedge Fund” was a group of businessmen and political scientists who organized and financed the covert actions of American government officials. In a short time the fund became the basis for a wide variety of political, educational, corporate and other projects which brought about the greatest public social upheaval ever recorded. On its end of the ’50s, the fund had been raked in more than $10 billion dollars and used about $1 million of its own funds to cover a total of $75,984,500. The fund began operations in 1964 when its purpose was to finance a series of covert programs, all of which had been financed through the ’20s. These funding operations were often linked up with official government initiatives with major media and political organizations, especially the White House and the Department of Justice, as well as the CIA and the FBI. The “Hedge Fund Act” of 1964 prohibited “any foreign government” to “organize, assist or procure” such money or services, and prohibited money, arms, or equipment provided to any foreign government.
When the Act was passed the funds were used to cover nearly $1 billion worth of covert military and other covert activities, many of which came from the CIA (Spencer, 2003). Despite several investigations of alleged involvement in Soviet and communist groups and institutions, despite many attempts to track down and expose communist groups, the funds still came to the Federal Government through the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Program (FISA).[4][5]
When the law was enacted over the 1950s, the program made it a felony to “promote the formation of a government of which the United States … is a member [or] a part.” (Id. at pp. 9-10.) It was expanded to include intelligence assistance to certain state and local governments. “The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court [FISA] is directed to determine that any activities involving the use of a telecommunications network (i.e., telecommunications to connect persons to the U.S. mainland, any wire, telephone, or electronic communication to any other area on the continent or territory and for purposes thereof) or the transfer of persons or information to the United States may be ‘unlawfully used for the purposes of a foreign government, or the purpose of a foreign power.’ ” Id. (emphasis added). The law also exempted “any agency or department of the United States from the requirements of [FISA].” Id. (emphasis added) The FISA court “declined to permit a foreign power to adopt ‘any new surveillance program, whether on such a basis or to the extent that such use exceeds the authority under the statute,’ or to apply for or compel any information or materials that it might lawfully have obtained through a specific legal proceeding to the United States or its national defence program (unless such program is used to further a foreign intelligence program, or to establish foreign links to domestic intelligence activities).” Id. (emphasis added) .
What was at issue was the law that allowed for the disclosure and disclosure of intelligence collection and use, even if such collection or use did not meet the definition of espionage. (Section 702 (a)(1)) . “In the case of an information of a concern to Congress, the disclosure of such information must be in the course of the agency’s duties as or as a prerequisite to receiving the classification.” Id. .”
As a result of the new law the NSA had to admit
The McCarthy “Hedge Fund” was a group of businessmen and political scientists who organized and financed the covert actions of American government officials. In a short time the fund became the basis for a wide variety of political, educational, corporate and other projects which brought about the greatest public social upheaval ever recorded. On its end of the ’50s, the fund had been raked in more than $10 billion dollars and used about $1 million of its own funds to cover a total of $75,984,500. The fund began operations in 1964 when its purpose was to finance a series of covert programs, all of which had been financed through the ’20s. These funding operations were often linked up with official government initiatives with major media and political organizations, especially the White House and the Department of Justice, as well as the CIA and the FBI. The “Hedge Fund Act” of 1964 prohibited “any foreign government” to “organize, assist or procure” such money or services, and prohibited money, arms, or equipment provided to any foreign government.
When the Act was passed the funds were used to cover nearly $1 billion worth of covert military and other covert activities, many of which came from the CIA (Spencer, 2003). Despite several investigations of alleged involvement in Soviet and communist groups and institutions, despite many attempts to track down and expose communist groups, the funds still came to the Federal Government through the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Program (FISA).[4][5]
When the law was enacted over the 1950s, the program made it a felony to “promote the formation of a government of which the United States … is a member [or] a part.” (Id. at pp. 9-10.) It was expanded to include intelligence assistance to certain state and local governments. “The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court [FISA] is directed to determine that any activities involving the use of a telecommunications network (i.e., telecommunications to connect persons to the U.S. mainland, any wire, telephone, or electronic communication to any other area on the continent or territory and for purposes thereof) or the transfer of persons or information to the United States may be ‘unlawfully used for the purposes of a foreign government, or the purpose of a foreign power.’ ” Id. (emphasis added). The law also exempted “any agency or department of the United States from the requirements of [FISA].” Id. (emphasis added) The FISA court “declined to permit a foreign power to adopt ‘any new surveillance program, whether on such a basis or to the extent that such use exceeds the authority under the statute,’ or to apply for or compel any information or materials that it might lawfully have obtained through a specific legal proceeding to the United States or its national defence program (unless such program is used to further a foreign intelligence program, or to establish foreign links to domestic intelligence activities).” Id. (emphasis added) .
What was at issue was the law that allowed for the disclosure and disclosure of intelligence collection and use, even if such collection or use did not meet the definition of espionage. (Section 702 (a)(1)) . “In the case of an information of a concern to Congress, the disclosure of such information must be in the course of the agency’s duties as or as a prerequisite to receiving the classification.” Id. .”
As a result of the new law the NSA had to admit
The McCarthy “Hedge Fund” was a group of businessmen and political scientists who organized and financed the covert actions of American government officials. In a short time the fund became the basis for a wide variety of political, educational, corporate and other projects which brought about the greatest public social upheaval ever recorded. On its end of the ’50s, the fund had been raked in more than $10 billion dollars and used about $1 million of its own funds to cover a total of $75,984,500. The fund began operations in 1964 when its purpose was to finance a series of covert programs, all of which had been financed through the ’20s. These funding operations were often linked up with official government initiatives with major media and political organizations, especially the White House and the Department of Justice, as well as the CIA and the FBI. The “Hedge Fund Act” of 1964 prohibited “any foreign government” to “organize, assist or procure” such money or services, and prohibited money, arms, or equipment provided to any foreign government.
When the Act was passed the funds were used to cover nearly $1 billion worth of covert military and other covert activities, many of which came from the CIA (Spencer, 2003). Despite several investigations of alleged involvement in Soviet and communist groups and institutions, despite many attempts to track down and expose communist groups, the funds still came to the Federal Government through the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Program (FISA).[4][5]
When the law was enacted over the 1950s, the program made it a felony to “promote the formation of a government of which the United States … is a member [or] a part.” (Id. at pp. 9-10.) It was expanded to include intelligence assistance to certain state and local governments. “The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court [FISA] is directed to determine that any activities involving the use of a telecommunications network (i.e., telecommunications to connect persons to the U.S. mainland, any wire, telephone, or electronic communication to any other area on the continent or territory and for purposes thereof) or the transfer of persons or information to the United States may be ‘unlawfully used for the purposes of a foreign government, or the purpose of a foreign power.’ ” Id. (emphasis added). The law also exempted “any agency or department of the United States from the requirements of [FISA].” Id. (emphasis added) The FISA court “declined to permit a foreign power to adopt ‘any new surveillance program, whether on such a basis or to the extent that such use exceeds the authority under the statute,’ or to apply for or compel any information or materials that it might lawfully have obtained through a specific legal proceeding to the United States or its national defence program (unless such program is used to further a foreign intelligence program, or to establish foreign links to domestic intelligence activities).” Id. (emphasis added) .
What was at issue was the law that allowed for the disclosure and disclosure of intelligence collection and use, even if such collection or use did not meet the definition of espionage. (Section 702 (a)(1)) . “In the case of an information of a concern to Congress, the disclosure of such information must be in the course of the agency’s duties as or as a prerequisite to receiving the classification.” Id. .”
As a result of the new law the NSA had to admit
In many ways life in the mental institution depicted throughout Kesey’s novel parallels that of society in the 1950’s. Chief Bromden, the narrator, tells the readers about the “Combine” which controls the institution. The Combine
acts as “a central agency for that society’s suppression of individuality” (Leeds 14). The Combine is made up of everyone working in the institution to keep the patients in order using any means necessary. Bromden says, “the ward is a factory for the Combine. It’s for fixing up mistakes made neighborhoods and in the schools and in the churches” (Kesey 40). The Combine “extends its influence by dehumanizing men and making them machines” (Leeds 20). The highest-ranking official in the Combine is the Big Nurse, Nurse Ratched.
Nurse Ratched is the head nurse on the ward. She is the most hated and yet most respected official in the institution. All inmates fear her because she has the power to make their lives a living hell by doing something as simple as taking away their television privileges or something as serious as having them lobotomized. Nurse Ratched shows a constant need for control and is never willing to give up her power. She “tends to get real put out if something keeps her outfit from running like a smooth, accurate, precision made machine” (Kesey 30). Nurse Ratched’s many years of working on the ward have taught her how to completely control her patients’ lives and to eliminate all threats that get in her way. Bromden says, “I’ve watched her get more and more skillful over the years. Practice has steadied and strengthened her until now she wields a sure power that extends in all directions” (Kesey 30). In the beginning of the novel, it seems as though nothing can stop Nurse Ratched from controlling all aspects of the patients’ lives.
In late 1955, a movement of young, rebellious college students began to sweep the nation. The Beat movement, as would come to be called, began with a small group of students at Columbia University. “Their protest would have significant political implications, but its content was essentially social and cultural” (Halberstam 296). They “revered those who were different, those who lived outside the system, and particualrly those who lived outside the law” (Halberstam 300). Beats were typically considered different because of the way they dressed, their manners, and their backgrounds. The Beats were always thinking about what live should be like and how to escape the normalcy of their society. The Beats were “the first to protest what they considered to be the blandness, conformity, and lack of serious social and cultural purpose in middle-class life in America” (Halberstam 295). The Beats used their writings to protest the conformity of America.
In October 1955, in a small art gallery in San Fransico, a small but growing group of Beats gathered to hear a poetry reading. The highlight of the evening was a reading by one of the founders of the Beats, Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg