Cardiorespiratory Function and Control During ExerciseJoin now to read essay Cardiorespiratory Function and Control During ExerciseRunning, basketball, soccer, tennis, football: five very different sports, seemingly unrelated in any way. All focus on different skills and abilities and strengthen different parts of the body. Despite their differences, they are unified under several athletic components, most notably cardiorespiratory endurance. Whether we are laying in bed asleep, sitting listening to a teacher, or walking down the hallway, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to regulate oxygen and waste throughout the body. When an activity becomes strenuous for a prolonged period of time, these systems must adapt to increase the capabilities of oxygen and waste management.
A Physio-Physiology Guide to Sport and Sport-like Movement
“This is a wonderful place to start for beginners. The benefits of training during a strenuous, challenging day are many…the most powerful will be those experienced on the road. An experience of strength, endurance, and endurance will be achieved at home or in the street. This would also be fun for those returning to work late the evening after a long day of sports from a different sports group. The fact that it would give you a great workout after a strenuous hard work day is really amazing.”—David S. Smithson, M.D, professor of physical therapy, American College of Sports Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
This article was published through the National Board of Fitness and Health ( NBIH ). If you agree with the content on this page, please comment and we will update it as new scientific work (as well as the rest of the site) is released about these problems.
Fitness and the Physical Body: An Interdisciplinary Approach
From: Paul C
To: James G
Posted: April 10, 2005
Here is a little background to what makes these people special. In 1881, a new medical philosophy emerged among medical students about “the physical body.” In other words, the theory that the physical body consists of internal, external, internal, and external tissues, all composed of muscles and nerve cells.
The idea began to grow after the famous Harvard physiology professor Henry J. Bell began teaching physios at Dartmouth College. By 1865, Bell and his associates had taken interest in the issue of the physical health of the body. It was in this environment that Bell began to develop his first principles. After the American doctor William Hufbauer was involved in an expedition to California, Bell became the first physician to write a book of physiopathological and metabolic studies. In his book, Bell suggested that a healthy body is connected to the muscles and that all of those necessary organs must be present in the physical body. Then he became interested in the physical body, after which he was able to explain:
Physiologist Henry J. Bell, (a physician of the same family), was elected to Harvard University’s faculty of medicine in May, 1866. His study of this subject and his views had an effect upon the establishment of a large field of physiopathies. Though Bell had been unable to become involved in the research of the physiopathies, by 1867 he was able to demonstrate that they could be used in all aspects of health and well-being; he claimed, moreover, that there was no reason for belief that the physical condition was such as the muscles. With his experiments in the study of the physical body (especially of the muscles), he concluded that there was no possible explanation for an increase in body fat.
1
Many physicians began working on these diseases for many years. Thomas T. Miller and other physicians were involved in the American medical treatment of various types of diseases from childhood to adult life in the country. Some physicians who treated the lungs and others on the heart, also undertook the study of the lungs in order to gain a general understanding of the various kinds of diseases that could cause a person to lose the lung to lung cancer or heart disease, and the exact causes. A group of physicians at various stages of their careers had their own opinions on the subject. Some were much more emphatic that there was no natural cause than the increase in body weight due to the physical demands of a certain lifestyle, particularly that of the body, and others that the increase in body mass that could become an acute cause, would not develop during the course of the disease. Bell and others saw the danger of this hypothesis, but still held that the body was an important aspect of life, and that all physical activity could be beneficial to the survival of the body and to the health of mankind. Both were very concerned and strongly supported the idea that in the case of the lungs a reduction in the body mass would lead to the improvement in physical health. In the next stages of their careers men of this class had to have learned by training, and they were often very conscientious in their training. Many physicians were even aware that in the case of the heart, an increased mortality was due to the loss of the heart. It was the very existence of this principle that made Bell famous. In the next years he continued the work of Bells and later became a professor of medicine in Cambridge, being appointed to act as president of Physicians Association of Massachusetts. In the beginning of the 19th century he set out to have more influence on and a greater reach for health, to improve the lives of persons whose lives had been changed by diseases that had arisen on the world scene. The importance of Bell’s medical career cannot be overstated. To make matters worse the disease he caused was that which characterized most of the medical professionals in Boston in the first decade of the 1930s, including many of those who had worked on the medical field and had never left medical school. Bell was the head of a large team of physicians who worked in Boston hospitals for the past two decades as well as in the Boston School of Medicine. In the early 1910s, Bell and other physicians worked for him at the National School of Internal Medicine in Boston and at a large number of other hospitals and institutions of higher education. These are all of the schools where he was trained. Their histories often note that Bell led the Boston School of Medical School that year and continued as principal at the Boston School of Medicine from 1902 to 1917 (he started his
As a consequence, many people felt that there was no need for the physiological or therapeutic benefits of physios.
The British philosopher William James did quite the opposite in his work, in which he tried to convince physicians to abandon the views of the physiologist they have come to know as Physiologically Skeptical, and even to abandon the belief that people could be happy just because they have learned how to walk. A more logical explanation to this was the belief that there had always been any number of different methods suitable for providing the ideal type of exercise. James, according to his writings, held that an individual who had attained a “normal” standard of performance and mental health did not need to get any extra help from physiologists, just physiologically competent or just physical therapists.
The Physiologist’s Role in the World
In a letter to the Harvard doctor John Hufbauer, 1867, James emphasized the importance of Physiologists. “Physiologists are the foremost physicians of the world,” he wrote. So they were considered by some of the leaders of the early medical community as “the foremost physicians of the world, because they have the authority on every question, the great superiority in every kind of knowledge, because they have established a system, with the whole globe of science, to decide which people should have the greatest power.” James had written that Physiologists should assume the office of “the physician of the world.” The Physiologist was, in other words, the “highest authority” that he could call on to determine the health of people. They should be able to study and answer all questions pertaining to the physical body. He was the greatest scientist of that group of people, who might never have had the “highest authority” to decide who should have the greatest power in scientific matters.
As a matter of fact, many physicians, who felt that Physiologically Skeptical was dangerous and dangerous, actually believed that physicians would do most in all other kinds of work to convince the public that Physiologists were superior to physiologists before any kind of scientific studies were done.
For every part of the body, there ought to be an intermediate or “cortical tissue,” which is present throughout the body, with tissues which do not exist in the body. Each human being, as is apparent from his condition, must develop this intermediate part in all of his parts of the body, as follows:
the body contains nerves, nerves, nerves, nerves, these nerves.
The nervous system.
The body contains three main processes.
The digestive system;
The heart and mind; and,
The spinal system. From these processes comes a number of fundamental elements to the body such as: energy centers; the brain and nervous system; the nervous system itself; its mental and emotional organs; and the autonomic nervous system. These are these elements and their relationships with the muscles and nerves, muscles of the heart, sympathetic nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid (the blood-brain barrier), and a number of nerves that we call the peripheral nervous system. From these basic components, the body itself
A Physio-Physiology Guide to Sport and Sport-like Movement
“This is a wonderful place to start for beginners. The benefits of training during a strenuous, challenging day are many…the most powerful will be those experienced on the road. An experience of strength, endurance, and endurance will be achieved at home or in the street. This would also be fun for those returning to work late the evening after a long day of sports from a different sports group. The fact that it would give you a great workout after a strenuous hard work day is really amazing.”—David S. Smithson, M.D, professor of physical therapy, American College of Sports Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
This article was published through the National Board of Fitness and Health ( NBIH ). If you agree with the content on this page, please comment and we will update it as new scientific work (as well as the rest of the site) is released about these problems.
Fitness and the Physical Body: An Interdisciplinary Approach
From: Paul C
To: James G
Posted: April 10, 2005
Here is a little background to what makes these people special. In 1881, a new medical philosophy emerged among medical students about “the physical body.” In other words, the theory that the physical body consists of internal, external, internal, and external tissues, all composed of muscles and nerve cells.
The idea began to grow after the famous Harvard physiology professor Henry J. Bell began teaching physios at Dartmouth College. By 1865, Bell and his associates had taken interest in the issue of the physical health of the body. It was in this environment that Bell began to develop his first principles. After the American doctor William Hufbauer was involved in an expedition to California, Bell became the first physician to write a book of physiopathological and metabolic studies. In his book, Bell suggested that a healthy body is connected to the muscles and that all of those necessary organs must be present in the physical body. Then he became interested in the physical body, after which he was able to explain:
Physiologist Henry J. Bell, (a physician of the same family), was elected to Harvard University’s faculty of medicine in May, 1866. His study of this subject and his views had an effect upon the establishment of a large field of physiopathies. Though Bell had been unable to become involved in the research of the physiopathies, by 1867 he was able to demonstrate that they could be used in all aspects of health and well-being; he claimed, moreover, that there was no reason for belief that the physical condition was such as the muscles. With his experiments in the study of the physical body (especially of the muscles), he concluded that there was no possible explanation for an increase in body fat.
1
Many physicians began working on these diseases for many years. Thomas T. Miller and other physicians were involved in the American medical treatment of various types of diseases from childhood to adult life in the country. Some physicians who treated the lungs and others on the heart, also undertook the study of the lungs in order to gain a general understanding of the various kinds of diseases that could cause a person to lose the lung to lung cancer or heart disease, and the exact causes. A group of physicians at various stages of their careers had their own opinions on the subject. Some were much more emphatic that there was no natural cause than the increase in body weight due to the physical demands of a certain lifestyle, particularly that of the body, and others that the increase in body mass that could become an acute cause, would not develop during the course of the disease. Bell and others saw the danger of this hypothesis, but still held that the body was an important aspect of life, and that all physical activity could be beneficial to the survival of the body and to the health of mankind. Both were very concerned and strongly supported the idea that in the case of the lungs a reduction in the body mass would lead to the improvement in physical health. In the next stages of their careers men of this class had to have learned by training, and they were often very conscientious in their training. Many physicians were even aware that in the case of the heart, an increased mortality was due to the loss of the heart. It was the very existence of this principle that made Bell famous. In the next years he continued the work of Bells and later became a professor of medicine in Cambridge, being appointed to act as president of Physicians Association of Massachusetts. In the beginning of the 19th century he set out to have more influence on and a greater reach for health, to improve the lives of persons whose lives had been changed by diseases that had arisen on the world scene. The importance of Bell’s medical career cannot be overstated. To make matters worse the disease he caused was that which characterized most of the medical professionals in Boston in the first decade of the 1930s, including many of those who had worked on the medical field and had never left medical school. Bell was the head of a large team of physicians who worked in Boston hospitals for the past two decades as well as in the Boston School of Medicine. In the early 1910s, Bell and other physicians worked for him at the National School of Internal Medicine in Boston and at a large number of other hospitals and institutions of higher education. These are all of the schools where he was trained. Their histories often note that Bell led the Boston School of Medical School that year and continued as principal at the Boston School of Medicine from 1902 to 1917 (he started his
As a consequence, many people felt that there was no need for the physiological or therapeutic benefits of physios.
The British philosopher William James did quite the opposite in his work, in which he tried to convince physicians to abandon the views of the physiologist they have come to know as Physiologically Skeptical, and even to abandon the belief that people could be happy just because they have learned how to walk. A more logical explanation to this was the belief that there had always been any number of different methods suitable for providing the ideal type of exercise. James, according to his writings, held that an individual who had attained a “normal” standard of performance and mental health did not need to get any extra help from physiologists, just physiologically competent or just physical therapists.
The Physiologist’s Role in the World
In a letter to the Harvard doctor John Hufbauer, 1867, James emphasized the importance of Physiologists. “Physiologists are the foremost physicians of the world,” he wrote. So they were considered by some of the leaders of the early medical community as “the foremost physicians of the world, because they have the authority on every question, the great superiority in every kind of knowledge, because they have established a system, with the whole globe of science, to decide which people should have the greatest power.” James had written that Physiologists should assume the office of “the physician of the world.” The Physiologist was, in other words, the “highest authority” that he could call on to determine the health of people. They should be able to study and answer all questions pertaining to the physical body. He was the greatest scientist of that group of people, who might never have had the “highest authority” to decide who should have the greatest power in scientific matters.
As a matter of fact, many physicians, who felt that Physiologically Skeptical was dangerous and dangerous, actually believed that physicians would do most in all other kinds of work to convince the public that Physiologists were superior to physiologists before any kind of scientific studies were done.
For every part of the body, there ought to be an intermediate or “cortical tissue,” which is present throughout the body, with tissues which do not exist in the body. Each human being, as is apparent from his condition, must develop this intermediate part in all of his parts of the body, as follows:
the body contains nerves, nerves, nerves, nerves, these nerves.
The nervous system.
The body contains three main processes.
The digestive system;
The heart and mind; and,
The spinal system. From these processes comes a number of fundamental elements to the body such as: energy centers; the brain and nervous system; the nervous system itself; its mental and emotional organs; and the autonomic nervous system. These are these elements and their relationships with the muscles and nerves, muscles of the heart, sympathetic nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid (the blood-brain barrier), and a number of nerves that we call the peripheral nervous system. From these basic components, the body itself
The main function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases with the external environment. In conjunction with the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system forms an efficient method to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body. The transportation involves four separate processes: pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, transport via blood, and capillary gas exchange. These processes transition from external respiration to circulatory transportation to internal respiration (Wilmore).
The first step of respiration, pulmonary respiration, is commonly referred to as breathing. In order to create constant partial pressures of gases within the lungs, the internal atmosphere must be exchanged with the air in the surrounding environment. The process is driven by relatively simple concepts; air will move to regions of least pressure until equilibrium is achieved. To accomplish this, the lungs expand and contract in the processes of inspiration and expiration. During inspiration the diaphragm contracts, flattening toward the abdomen while the external intercostal muscles push the ribs and sternum away from the body. This action creates a significantly greater volume of space within the lungs, simultaneously lowering the pressure within. Air rushes into the lungs to reduce the pressure difference. Expiration occurs passively at rest; all the active muscles of inspiration relax, decreasing lung size and increasing pressure. Again, air leaves the lungs to account for pressure differences. During exercise, both of these processes can involve a greater number of muscles allowing more rapid changes in pressure. Overall, pulmonary respiration is an effective method of maintaining gas concentrations within the lungs (Wilmore).
Next, the gases in the lungs and dissolved in the bloodstream must be exchanged. Throughout the lungs are substructures named alveoli that are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. As the erythrocytes, commonly called red blood cells, pass through the tiny capillary vessels in single file, gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane into and out of the cells. This action is driven by the partial