Psychopathology Of Crime
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Criminal psychology
Criminological psychology is the application of psychological principles to criminal activity, especially criminal behavior and its effect on crime prevention, risk assessment and the criminal justice system.
Whilst outside the scope of this brief overview of the subject, the scope of criminal activity within this country (UK) itself is open for debate. The recorded crime figures collated by the various police authorities across the country remain consistency lower than those assembled by the British Crime Surveys that have been in recent years. The survey, carried out every two years, consists of interviews of victims of crime. For example, in 1996 the official crime figures indicated that there had been 5.1 million crimes whilst the BCS estimated that 19.1 million crimes had occurred in the same time period. ( Home Office (1996) Criminal Statistics, London Home Office).
Criminal psychology has, in recent years, certainly been hyped as an all seeing discipline which can solve the vagaries of crime, especially those related to murder with special emphasis on the serial killer. With films such as Silence of the Lambs and the newly released Hannibal, based on books by Thomas Harris, show that perpetrator profiling can be used to indicate how the criminal thinks, their motivation and modus operandi. However, as with most things, it is not quite that simple. Profiling can indeed be a useful tool. But it must be considered in conjunction with the traditional investigative procedures and evidence gathered at the scenes of crimes by other forensic professionals. In the absence of hard physical evidence, profiling can open up new leads of investigation, but it is a tool that can be used in apprehending the offender.
How are criminals made? The investigations, dating back to the early part of the twentieth century with Dugdale (1910- The Jukes, New York. Putnam) through the examinations of the belief that criminals just were criminals because of their family traits, chromosomes and DNA, environmental factors, economics through to the current belief that criminals occur because of biochemical imbalance and neurological defects in the brain. It has been noted through the use of MRI, that serious criminals have different reactions to stimulus that non-criminals. (The Science of crime, ÐPsychopath, John Purdie, Channel 4 Television Corporation). Whilst the causative factors that lead to criminality will possibly indicate that many, if not all these factors do indeed have a cumulative effect on a persons vulnerability to become a criminal, it is a fact that criminals exist and that many continue to escape justice.
As indicated by Harrower Ðwe all have a genetic inheritance or genetic potential, but in order for that potential to be released there have to be some environmental triggers. It also seems clear that the roots of antisocial behavior lie in early childhood and that certain events in childhood can increase an individuals psychological vulnerability. These would include: insecure attachment; a weak sense of self; a dysfunctional family; coercive or indifferent parenting; physical, sexual or emotional abuse or neglect; the death of a parent; low family income; an acrimonious separation or divorce and low academic achievement. (Applying Psychology to Crime, p37, Julie Harrower (1998) Hodder and Stoughton).
Serial killers
The area of criminal psychology that appears to capture the general publics imagination is the studying of serial killers. It is important to separate the two main types large-number killers Ð- serial and mass.
Mass murderers kill a large number of people in one incident. Examples would include Thomas Hamilton in Dunblane (1996, 18 dead including 16 children, a teacher and Hamilton) and Michael Ryan in Hungerford (1987, 16 dead, including Ryan). It is typical of this type of killer that they make no attempt to hide themselves and will often die by the end of the incident, either by their own hand or by the police.
Serial killers are of a different breed and have existed for hundreds of years. Gilles de Rais killed hundreds of children in the 1400s and Jack the Ripper killed five prostitutes and was never caught. However, the incidence of such persons within the UK is tiny. Gresswell and Hollin (1994) estimate that there are probably up to four serial killers active at any one time and that between 1982 and 1991, 196 persons were killed by serial killers. (Gresswell, DM and Hollin, CR (1994) Multiple murder: a review, British Journal of Criminology, 34, 1-14).
The research into serial killers and their murders has been extensive and widespread. Holmes and DeBurger have identified four types of serial killer,
Visionary type – they believe that visions or voices guide their actions
Mission-orientated type – they believe that they have to remove a certain group from society
Hedonistic type – includes many types of killer who derive pleasure or gain from the killing
Power/ control-orientated type – enjoy controlling their victims with some sexual satisfaction
(Holmes R. and De Burger J. (1988), Serial Murder, Newbury Park, Sage)
In addition, research undertaken by the Federal Bureau of Investigation has identified two other types of serial killer Ð- organized and disorganized killers.(Ressler, RK, Burgess AW and Douglas J, Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives, Lexington: Lexington Books). The organized killer is considered to be socially competent, intelligent, a planner, generally targets strangers, someone who uses restraints, has sex with their victims and uses a vehicle. Typical characteristics would include living with a partner, follows the crime in the media, plans the killing, the victims body is hidden; evidence is often absent, may return to the crime scene and anticipates police questioning.
The disorganized killer is often socially immature who may know his victims and kills spontaneously. The disorganized killer is often sexually inhibited, harsh childhood discipline, lives alone, knows victim, sloppy crime scene, evidence present but shows no interest in the media and does not change their lifestyle as a result of the killing.
As an additional categorization of serial killers, mobility can be a significant factor as to the nature of their crimes. Travelling serial killers, who move around to find their victims; local killers, who kill in